UBe13 and U1−xThxBe13: Unconventional Superconductors
- 64 Downloads
Abstract
UBe13 was the second discovered heavy fermion superconductor, and numerous pieces of evidence exist that imply that it is an unconventional (non-BCS s-wave) superconductor. Exhibiting even more signs of unconventional superconductivity, Th-doped UBe13 is perhaps the most puzzling of any of the unconventional superconductors. This review considers both the parent, undoped compound as well as the more interesting U1−xThxBe13. After summarizing the rather thorough characterization—which because of the interest in these compounds, has continued from their discovery in 1983 and 1984 to date—these properties are compared with a recent ‘template’ for determining whether a superconductor is unconventional. Finally, further experiments are suggested.
Keywords
Superconductivity Heavy fermion UnconventionalNotes
Acknowledgements
Helpful discussions with P. Kumar and assistance with the graphs by J. S. Kim and E.-W. Scheidt are gratefully acknowledged. Work performed under the auspices of the Bureau of Energy Sciences, U. S. Department of Energy, contract number DE-FG02-86ER45268.
References
- 1.E. Bucher, J.P. Maita, G.W. Hull, R.C. Fulton, A.S. Cooper, Phys. Rev. B 11, 440 (1975)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.K. Andres, J.E. Graebner, H.R. Ott, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1779 (1975)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Z. Fisk, J.L. Sarrao, J.L. Smith, J.D. Thompson, PNAS 92, 6663 (1995)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.P. Coleman, arXiv:1509.05769
- 5.J.S. Kim, B. Andraka, C.S. Jee, S.B. Roy, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 41, 11073 (1990)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.G.R. Stewart, Rev. Mod. Phys. 56, 755 (1984)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.P. Gegenwart, C. Langhammer, R. Helfrich, N. Oeschler, M. Lang, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, F. Steglich, Physica C 408–410, 157–160 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.H.R. Ott, H. Rudigier, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1595 (1983)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.F. Steglich, J. Aarts, C.D. Bredl, W. Lieke, D. Meschede, W. Franz, H. Schaefer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1892 (1979)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.J.L. Smith, Z. Fisk, J.O. Willis, B. Batlogg, H.R. Ott, J. Appl. Phys. 55, 1996 (1984)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.H.R. Ott, H. Rudigier, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. Rev. B 31, 1651(R) (1985)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.J.S. Kim, B. Andraka, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 44, 6921 (1991)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.C. F. Miclea, Ph.D thesis, Technische Universitaet Dresden (2006)Google Scholar
- 14.F. Kromer, N. Oeschler, T. Tayama, K. Tenya, T. Chichorek, M. Lang, F. Steglich, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, J. Low Temp. Phys. 126, 815 (2002)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 51, 16190 (1995)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.G.R. Stewart, Adv. Phys. 66, 75 (2017)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.J.S. Kim, J. Alwood, G.R. Stewart, J.L. Sarrao, J.D. Thompson, Phys. Rev. B 64, 134524 (2001)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Y. Shimizu, A. Pourret, G. Knebel, A. Palacio-Morales, D. Aoki, Phys. Rev. B 92, 241101(R) (2015)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.C.L. Lin, A. Wallash, J.E. Crow, T. Mihalisin, P. Schlottmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1232 (1987)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 49, 327 (1994)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.J.A. Olsen, R.A. Fisher, N.E. Phillips, A.L. Giorgi, G.R. Stewart, Physica 144B, 54 (1986)Google Scholar
- 22.U. Benedict, S. Dabos, L. Gerward, J. Staun Olsen, J. Beuers, J.C. Spirlet, C. Dufour, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 63&64, 403 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.A.W. Overhauser, J. Appel, Phys. Rev. B 31, 193 (1985)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.E.-W. Scheidt, T. Schreiner, P. Kumar, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 58, 15153 (1998)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.H.R. Ott, Magnetism in heavy-electron metals, in Magnetism in Metals: A Symposium in Memory of Allan Mackintosh, ed. by D.F. McMorrow, J. Jensen, H. M. Ronnow, Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser 45 (The Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters, Munksgaard Copenhagen, 1997), p. 259 (on the web at www.fys.ku.dk/~jjensen/Book/ott.pdf)
- 26.T. Schreiner, E.-W. Scheidt, G.R. Stewart, Solid State Commun. 108, 53 (1998)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.D.E. MacLaughlin, C. Tien, W.G. Clark, M.D. Lan, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, H.R. Ott, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1833 (1984)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.B. Batlogg, D. Bishop, B. Golding, C.M. Varma, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, H.R. Ott, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1319 (1985)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.R.H. Heffner, J.L. Smith, J.O. Willis, P. Birrer, C. Baines, F.N. Gygax, B. Hitti, E. Lippelt, H.R. Ott, A. Schenck, E.A. Knetsch, J.A. Mydosh, D.E. MacLaughlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2816 (1990)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.E. Felder, A. Bernasconi, H.R. Ott, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. C 162–164, 429 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.E.A. Knetsch, J.A. Mydosh, R.H. Heffner, J.L. Smith, Phys. B 163, 209 (1990)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.U. Rauchschwalbe, U. Ahlheim, C.D. Bredl, H.M. Mayer, F. Steglich, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 63&64, 447 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.U. Rauchschwalbe, C.D. Bredl, F. Steglich, K. Maki, P. Fulde, Europhys. Lett. 3, 757 (1987)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.H.M. Mayer, H.M. Mayer, U. Rauchschwalbe, C.D. Bredl, F. Steglich, H. Rietschel, H. Schmidt, H. Wühl, J. Beuers, Phys. Rev. B 33, 3168 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.B. Ellman, T.F. Rosenbaum, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 44, 12074R (1991)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.F. Kromer, R. Helfrich, M. Lang, F. Steglich, C. Langhammer, A. Bach, T. Michels, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4476 (1998)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Y. Shimizu, S. Kittaka, T. Sakakibara, Y. Haga, E. Yamamoto, H. Amitsuka, Y. Tsutsumi, K. Machida, Phys. Rev. 114, 147002 (2015)Google Scholar
- 38.K.A. Moler, D.J. Baar, J.S. Urbach, R. Liang, W.N. Hardy, A. Kapitulnik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2744 (1994)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.R.J. Zieve, D.S. Jin, T.F. Rosenbaum, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 756 (1994)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.M. Lang, R. Helfrich, F. Kromer, C. Langhammer, F. Steglich, G.R. Stewart, J.S. Kim, Phys. B 259–261, 608 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.M. Sigrist, T.M. Rice, Phys. Rev. B 39, 2200 (1989)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.H.R. Ott, H. Rudigier, E. Felder, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. Rev. 33, 126 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.D.S. Jin, S.A. Carter, T.F. Rosenbaum, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 53, 8549 (1996)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.J.O. Willis, J.D. Thompson, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 63&64, 461 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.L. Glémot, J.P. Brison, J. Flouquet, A.I. Buzdin, I. Sheikin, D. Jaccard, C. Thessieu, F. Thomas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 169 (1999)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.D.S. Jin, T.F. Rosenbaum, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 49, 1540R (1994)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.H.M. Volz, S.C. Vogel, A.I. Smith, J.L. Smith, Z. Fisk, B. Winkler, M.R. Dirmyer, E. Judge, Phil. Mag. 98, 2003 (2018)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.A. Amon, I. Zelenina, P. Simon, M. Bobnar, M. Naumann, E. Svanidze, F. Arnold, H. Borrmann, U. Burkhardt, W. Schnelle, E. Hassinger, A. Leithe-Jasper, Y. Grin, Sci. Rep. 8, 10654 (2018)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.A. Ravex, J. Flouquet, J.L. Tholence, D. Jaccard, A. Meyer, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 63&64, 400 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.H.R. Ott, H. Rudigier, T.M. Rice, K. Ueda, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1915 (1984)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 51.H.M. Mayer, U. Rauchschwalbe, F. Steglich, G.R. Stewart, A.L. Giorgi, Phys. Rev. B 33, 3168 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.H.M. Mayer, U. Rauchschwalbe, F. Steglich, G.R. Stewart, A.L. Giorgi, Z. Phys. B 64, 299 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Y. Shimizu, S. Kittaka, S. Nakamura, T. Sakakibara, D. Aoki, Y. Homma, A. Nakamura, K. Machida, Phys. Rev. B 96, 100505(R) (2017)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 54.D. Jaccard, J. Flouquet, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, H.R. Ott, J. Phys. Lett. 46, 811 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.G.E. Volovik, L.P. Gor’kov, Sov. Phys. J.E.T.P. 61, 843 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.C.M. Varma, Comments Solid State Phys. 11, 221 (1985)Google Scholar
- 57.C. Tien, I.M. Jiang, Phys. Rev. B 40, 229 (1989)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 58.J.E. Sonier, R.H. Heffner, D.E. MacLaughlin, G.J. Nieuwenhuys, O. Bernal, R. Movshovich, P.G. Pagliuso, J. Cooley, J.L. Smith, J.D. Thompson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2821 (2000)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 59.S.E. Lambert, Y. Dalichaouch, M.B. Maple, J.L. Smith, Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1619 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.J.P. Brison, A. Revex, J. Flouquet, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 76&77, 525 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 61.Y. Shimizu, Y. Haga, Y. Ikeda, T. Yanagisawa, H. Amitsuka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 217001 (2012)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 62.G.M. Schmiedeshoff, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. Rev. B 48, 16417 (1993)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 63.H. Matsuno, K. Morita, H. Kotegawa, H. Tou, Y. Haga, E. Yamamoto, Y. Onuki, J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 592, 012067 (2015)Google Scholar
- 64.D. Einzel, P.J. Hirschfeld, F. Gross, B.S. Chandrasekhar, K. Andres, H.R. Ott, J. Beuers, Z. Fisk, J.L. Smith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2513 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.S. Han, K.W. Ng, E.L. Wolf, A. Millis, J.L. Smith, Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 238 (1986)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 66.A. Hiess, A. Schneidewind, O. Stockert, Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev. B 89, 235118 (2014)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 67.S.K. Yip, T. Li, P. Kumar, Phys. Rev. B 43, 2742 (1991)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 68.P. Kumar, P. Woelfle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1954 (1987)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 69.A. Hiess, R.H. Heffner, J.E. Sonier, G.H. Lander, J.L. Smith, J.C. Cooley, Phys. Rev. B 56, 064531 (2002)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.T. Ohmi, K. Machida, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 625 (1993)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 71.K. Machida, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 87, 033703 (2018)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.F. Kromer, M. Lang, N. Oeschler, P. Hinze, C. Langhammer, F. Steglich, J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart, Phys. Rev. B 62, 12477 (2000)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 73.K. An, T. Sakakibara, R. Settai, Y. Onuki, M. Hiragi, M. Ichioka, K. Machida, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 037002 (2010)ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 74.P. Thalmeier, G. Zwicknagl, Unconventional Superconductivity and Magnetism in Lanthanide and Actinide Intermetallic Compounds. Handbook of the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, vol. 34 (North Holland, Amsterdam, 2005)Google Scholar