Advertisement

Characteristics of tide–surge interaction and its roles in the distribution of surge residuals along the coast of China

  • Jianlong Feng
  • Wensheng Jiang
  • Delei Li
  • Qiulin Liu
  • Hui Wang
  • Kexiu Liu
Original Article
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
  • 3 Downloads

Abstract

Tide–surge interaction plays an important role in the distribution of surges along the coast of China. A comprehensive understanding of tide–surge interaction will provide more accurate estimates of extreme sea levels and storm surges. This study applied a statistical method to hourly tide–surge data from 12 tide gauges located along the coast of China to examine the dependency of residual maxima on tidal phases. Statistical significance has been tested quantitatively for each site utilizing the chi-square test. Results show that significant tide–surge interaction exists at all 12 tide gauge sites, but the strength of the interactions differs according to location. The distributions of peak residuals are significantly different from the uniform distribution and can be divided into three types. In the first type, the residual generally reaches its peak value during the rising tide (2–4 h before high tide), whereas in the second type, the residual reaches its peak mostly during the ebb tide (2–4 h after the high tide). In the third type, the residual reaches peaks during both ebb and rising tides. The main causes of tide–surge interactions are the tidal phase alteration caused by surge and the modulation of surge due to tides at the tide gauge. Tide–surge interactions at Lianyungang and Xiamen are more significant than those at other gauge sites. At Kanmen and Keelung, the tide–surge interactions are weakest. Variations of the tide–surge interaction at Xiamen and Quarry Bay show that the interaction has not varied significantly during the past 40 years and that tide–surge interactions tend to be more stable with the strengthening of the interaction.

Keywords

Tide Residual Tide–surge interaction Coast of China 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

We would thank the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center for the data used in this paper. This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1401900 and 2017YFC1404200), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41706020 and 41406032) and Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting.

References

  1. Allen S, Greenslade D, Colberg F, Freeman J, Schulz E (2018) A first-generation national storm surge forecast system. Bureau Research Report No. 028. http://www.bom.gov.au/research/publications/researchreports/BRR-028.pdf. Accessed Jan 2018
  2. Antony C, Unnikrishnan AS (2013) Observed characteristics of tide–surge interaction along the east coast of India and the head of Bay of Bengal. Estuar Costal Shelf Sci 131:6–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. As-Salek JA, Yasuda T (2001) Tide–surge interaction in the Meghna estuary: most severe conditions. J Phys Oceanogr 31:3059–3072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Austin RM (1991) Modelling Holocene tides on the NW European continental shelf. Terra Nova 3:276–288.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00145.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Banks JE (1974) A mathematical model of a river-shallow sea system used to investigate tide, surge and their interaction in Thames-Southern North Sea region. Philos Trans R Soc A 275:567–609.  https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1974.0002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Bernier NB, Thompson KR (2007) Tide–surge interaction off the east coast of Canada and northeastern United States. J Geophys Res 112:C06008.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003793 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Cheng YC, Xu Q, Zhang Y (2016) Tidal estimation from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason primary, and interleaved missions in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Sea. J Coast Res 32(4):966–973.  https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00209.1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Ding X, Zheng D, Chen Y, Chao J, Li Z (2001) Sea level change in Hong Kong from tide gauge measurements from 1954–1999. J Geodesy 74(10):683–689.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s001900000128 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Doodson AT (1956) Tides and storm surges in a long uniform gulf. Proc R Soc Lond A 237:325–343.  https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1956.0180 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Egbert GD, Ray RD, Bills BG (2004) Numerical modeling of the global semidiurnal tide in the present day and in the last glacial maximum. J Geophys Res 109:C03003.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001973 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Feng S (1982) Introduction to storm surge. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  12. Feng X, Tsimplis MN (2015) Sea level extremes at the coasts of China. J Geophys Res Oceans 119(3):1593–1608.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009607 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Feng X, Yin B, Yang D (2012) Effects of hurricane paths on storm surge response at Tianjin, China. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 106:58–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Feng J, Jiang W, Bian C (2014) Numerical prediction of storm surge in the Qingdao area under the impact of climate change. J Ocean Univ China 13(4):539–551.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-014-2222-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Feng J, von Storch H, Jiang W, Weisse R (2015) Assessing changes in extreme sea levels along the coast of China. J Geophys Res Oceans.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011336 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Feng J, von Storch H, Weisse R, Jiang W (2016) Changes of storm surges in the Bohai Sea derived from a numerical model simulation, 1961–2006. Ocean Dyn 66:1301–1315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Gao X, Wei Z, Lv X, Wang Y, Fang G (2015) Numerical study of tidal dynamics in the South China Sea with adjoint method. Ocean Model 92:101–114.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.05.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Godin G (1972) The analysis of tides. University of Toronto Press, TorontoGoogle Scholar
  19. Gönnert G, Dube SK, Murty T, Siefert W (2001) Global storm surges: theory, observation and modeling. Die küste 63:623Google Scholar
  20. Haigh I, Nicholls R, Wells N (2010) Assessing changes in extreme sea levels: application to the English Channel, 1900–2006. Cont Shelf Res 30:1042–1055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls RJ, Corfee-Morlot J (2013) Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nat Clim Change 3:802–806.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Horsburgh KJ, Wilson C (2007) Tide–surge interaction and its roles in the distribution of surge residuals in the North Sea. J Geophys Res 112:C08003.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004033 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Lin Z, Zhou Q, Hong G (1996) The research of prediction of storm surge disaster in near shore of Qingdao. Coast Eng 3:15–24Google Scholar
  24. Mudersbach C, Wahl T, Haigh ID, Jensen J (2013) Trends in high sea levels of German North Sea gauges compared to regional mean sea level changes. Cont Shelf Res 65:111–120.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.06.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Paul GC, Ismail AIM, Rahman A, Karim MF, Hoque A (2016) Development of tide–surge interaction model for the coastal region of Bangladesh. Estuaries Coasts 39:1582–1599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Prandle D, Wolf J (1978) The interaction of surge and tide in the North Sea and River Thames. Geophys J R Astron Soc 55:203–216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Proudman J (1955) The propagation of tide and surge in an estuary. Proc R Soc Lond A 231:8–24.  https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1955.0153 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Proudman J (1957) Osciallations of tide and surge in an estuary of finite length. J Fluid Mech 2:371–382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Pugh DT (1987) Tides, surges and mean sea level: a handbook for engineers and scientists. Wiley, HobokenGoogle Scholar
  30. Rossiter JR (1961) Interaction between tide and surge in the Thames. Geophys J 6:29–53.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1961.tb02960.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Smith DK (1989) Natural disaster reduction: how meteorological and hydrological services can help, Publication No. 722. World Meteorological Organisation, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  32. Tang YM, Grimshaw R, Sanderson B, Holland G (1996) A numerical study of storm surges and tides, with application to the north Queensland coast. J Phys Oceanogr 26:2700–2711CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Tsimplis MN, Woodworth PL (1994) The global distribution of the seasonal sea level cycle calculated from coastal tide gauge data. J Geophys Res 99:16031–16039.  https://doi.org/10.1029/94jc01115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. von Storch H, Reichardt H (1997) A scenario of storm surge statistics for the German Bight at the expected time of double atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. J Clim 10:2653–2662.  https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010%3c2653:ASOSSS%3e2.0.CO;2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. von Storch H, Jiang W, Furmancyk KK (2015) Storm surge case studies. In: Ellis J, Sherman D (eds) Coastal and marine natural hazards and disasters. Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
  36. Wang J, Chai F (1989) Nonlinear interaction between astronomical tides and storm surges at Wusong tidal station. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 7:135–142.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02842749 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Weisse R, Bellafiore D, Menéndez M, Méndez F, Nicholls RJ, Umgiesser G, Willems P (2014) Changing extreme sea levels along European coasts. Coast Eng 87:4–14.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.017 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Wolf J (1981) Surge-tide interaction in the North Sea and River Thames. In: Peregrine DH (ed) Floods due to high winds and tides. Academic, London, pp 75–94Google Scholar
  39. Woodworth PL, Flather RA, Williams JA, Wakelin SL, Jevrejeva S (2007) The dependence of UK extreme sea levels and storm surges on the North Atlantic Oscillation. Cont Shelf Res 27:935–946.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.12.007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Yang G (2000) Historical change and future trends of storm surge disaster in China’s coastal area. J Nat Disasters 28:23–30Google Scholar
  41. Zhang J, Wang YP (2014) A method for inversion of periodic open boundary conditions in two-dimensional tidal models. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 275:20–38.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2014.02.020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Zhang W, Hu J, Shang S, Chen M, She W (2004) On the characteristics of storm surges along Fujian coast. Mar Sci Bull 23:12–19Google Scholar
  43. Zhang WZ, Shi F, Hong HS, Shang SP, Kirby JT (2010) Tide–surge interaction intensified by the Taiwan Strait. J Geophys Res 115:C06012CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The Oceanographic Society of Japan and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.National Marine Data and Information ServiceTianjinChina
  2. 2.Laboratory of Marine Environment and EcologyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
  3. 3.Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and WavesInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
  4. 4.Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards ForecastingNational Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, SOABeijingChina
  5. 5.Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Information TechnologyNational Marine Data and Information Service, State Oceanic AdministrationTianjinChina

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options