Highly thermally conductive graphene film produced using glucose under low-temperature thermal annealing
Abstract
Graphene films have attracted much attention as a heat dissipation material due to their unique thermal transfer behavior that exceeds that the performance of graphite. However, the very high thermal annealing temperature (~ 3000 °C) required to reduce the graphene oxide (GO) films leads to high manufacturing costs and restricts its broader application in thermal management applications. In this study, a modified-graphene (m-Gr) film was fabricated by vacuum-filtering GO suspensions with added glucose, followed by thermal annealing at 1000 °C. Oxygen-containing functional groups were effectively eliminated during annealing and activated carbon atoms from the decomposition of glucose molecules repaired defects in the graphene sheets to restore large areas of the π-conjugated structure. The as-obtained m-Gr films showed excellent in-plane thermal conductivity ~ 1300 Wm−1 K−1 and much more efficient heat removal than pristine-reduced graphene oxide films. This high thermal conductivity of m-Gr films provides opportunities for their use in next-generation commercial electronics.
Notes
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support by the “13th Five-Year Plan” Civil Aerospace Technology Pre-Research Project of the State Administration of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (501-01-2018-0167, A2180150); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (D2175010); and the Joint Fund for Equipment Pre-Research of Ministry of Education of China (6141A02022520).
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
References
- 1.Balandin AA (2011) Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat Mater 10(8):569–581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Sukhadolau AV, Ivakin EV, Ralchenko VG, Khomich AV, Vlasov AV, Popovich AF (2005) Thermal conductivity of CVD diamond at elevated temperatures. Diam Relat Mater 14:589–593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Malekpour H, Chang KH, Chen JC, Lu CY, Nika DL, Novoselov KS et al (2014) Thermal conductivity of graphene laminate. Nano Lett 14(9):5155–5161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV et al (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–669CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F et al (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–907CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Nika DL, Balandin AA (2017) Phonons and thermal transport in graphene and graphene-based materials. Rep Prog Phys 80(3):036502CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Dikin DA, Stankovich S, Zimney EJ, Piner RD, Dommett GHB, Evmenenko G et al (2007) Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature 448:457–460CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Gao X, Jang J, Nagase S (2010) Hydrazine and thermal reduction of graphene oxide: reaction mechanisms, product structures, and reaction design. J Phys Chem C 114(2):832–842CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Kargar F, Barani Z, Balinskiy M, Magana AS, Lewis JS, Balandin AA (2019) Dual-functional graphene composites for electromagnetic shielding and thermal management. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5(1):1800558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Shen B, Zhai W, Zheng W (2014) Ultrathin flexible graphene film: an excellent thermal conducting material with efficient EMI shielding. Adv Funct Mater 24(28):4542–4548CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Xin G, Sun H, Hu T, Fard HR, Sun X, Koratkar N et al (2014) Large-area freestanding graphene paper for superior thermal management. Adv Mater 26(26):4521–4526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Peng L, Xu Z, Liu Z, Guo Y, Li P, Gao C (2017) Ultrahigh thermal conductive yet superflexible graphene films. Adv Mater 29(27):1700589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Renteria JD, Ramirez S, Malekpour H, Alonso B, Centeno A, Zurutuza A et al (2015) Strongly anisotropic thermal conductivity of free-standing reduced graphene oxide films annealed at high temperature. Adv Funct Mater 25(29):4664–4672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Wu H, Drzal LT (2012) Graphene nanoplatelet paper as a light-weight composite with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and good gas barrier properties. Carbon 50(3):1135–1145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Hou Z-L, Song W-L, Wang P, Meziani MJ, Kong CY, Anderson A et al (2014) Flexible graphene–graphene composites of superior thermal and electrical transport properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(17):15026–15032CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Song N-J, Chen C-M, Lu C, Liu Z, Kong Q-Q, Cai R (2014) Thermally reduced graphene oxide films as flexible lateral heat spreaders. J Mater Chem A 2(39):16563–16568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Kang D, Shin HS (2012) Control of size and physical properties of graphene oxide by changing the oxidation temperature. Carbon Lett 13(1):39–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Chen J, Li YR, Huang L, Li C, Shi GQ (2015) High-yield preparation of graphene oxide from small graphite flakes via an improved Hummers method with a simple purification process. Carbon 81(1):826–834CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Li X-H, Kurasch S, Kaiser U, Antonietti M (2012) Synthesis of monolayer-patched graphene from glucose. Angew Chem 51(38):9689–9692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Cheng M, Yang R, Zhang L-C, Shi Z-W, Yang W, Wang D-M et al (2012) Restoration of graphene from graphene oxide by defect repair. Carbon 50(7):2581–2587CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Li H-L, Dai S-C, Miao J, Wu X, Chandrasekharan N, Qiu H-X et al (2018) Enhanced thermal conductivity of graphen/epolyimide hybrid film via a novel “molecular welding” strategy. Carbon 126:319–327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Chang Y-Z, Han G-Y, Xiao Y-M, Zhou H-H, Dong J-H (2017) A comparative study of graphene oxide reduction in vapor and liquid phases. New Carbon Mater 32(1):21–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Vallés C, Núñez JD, Benito AM, Maser WK (2012) Flexible conductive graphene paper obtained by direct and gentle annealing of graphene oxide paper. Carbon 50(3):835–844CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Mattevi C, Eda G, Agnoli S, Miller S, Mkhoyan KA, Celik O et al (2009) Evolution of electrical, chemical, and structural properties of transparent and conducting chemically derived graphene thin films. Adv Funct Mater 19(16):2577–2583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Wang J, Ran R, Sunarso J, Yin C, Zou H, Feng Y et al (2017) Nanocellulose-assisted low-temperature synthesis and supercapacitor performance of reduced graphene oxide aerogels. J Power Sour 347:259–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Zhu C, Guo S, Fang Y, Dong S (2010) Reducing sugar: new functional molecules for the green synthesis of graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 4(4):2429–2437CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Fang Y, Luo B, Jia Y, Li X, Wang B, Song Q et al (2012) Renewing functionalized graphene as electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv Mater 24(47):6348–6355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Figueiredo JL, Pereira MFR, Freitas MMA, Órfão JJM (1999) Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons. Carbon 37(9):1379–1389CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.Chen C-M, Huang J-Q, Zhang Q, Gong W-Z, Yang Q-H, Wang M-Z et al (2012) Annealing a graphene oxide film to produce a free standing high conductive graphene film. Carbon 50(2):659–667CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F et al (2006) Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett 97(18):187401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Bagri A, Mattevi C, Acik M, Chabal YJ, Chhowalla M, Shenoy VB (2010) Structural evolution during the reduction of chemically derived graphene oxide. Nat Chem 2(7):581–587CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Eigler S, Dotzer C, Hirsch A (2012) Visualization of defect densities in reduced graphene oxide. Carbon 50(10):3666–3673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Cançado LG, Takai K, Enoki T, Endo M, Kim YA, Mizusaki H (2006) General equation for the determination of the crystallite size La of nanographite by Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 88(16):163106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Sheng Z-H, Shao L, Chen J-J, Bao W-J, Wang F-B, Xia X-H (2011) Catalyst-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene via thermal annealing graphite oxide with melamine and its excellent electrocatalysis. ACS Nano 5(6):4350–4358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Zhang J, Shi G, Jiang C, Ju S, Jiang D (2015) 3D bridged carbon nanoring/graphene hybrid paper as a high-performance;ateral heat spreader. Small 11(46):6197–6204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Zhuo H, Hu Y-J, Tong X, Chen Z-H, Zhong L-X, Lai H-H et al (2018) A supercompressible, elastic, and bendable carbon aerogel with ultrasensitive detection limits for compression strain, pressure, and bending angle. Adv Mater 30(18):1706705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Ding J, ur Rahman O, Zhao H, Peng W, Dou H, Chen H et al (2017) Hydroxylated graphene-based flexible carbon film with ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity. Nanotech. 28:(39)LT01-9Google Scholar
- 38.Wang N, Samani M-K, Li H, Dong L, Zhang Z-W, Su P et al (2018) Tailoring the thermal and mechanical properties of graphene film by structural engineering. Small 14(29):1801346CrossRefGoogle Scholar