Abstract
The fossil fuels which are the source of energy for the traditional vehicles have their reserves on the verge of extension. Also, exhaust gases from these vehicles are degrading the environment by increasing the content of greenhouse gases. To combat these issues, the electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as a new mode of transportation. In recent research articles, the EV charging stations (EVCSs) are consuming power from either the grid or a solar grid system. If the EV is charged from grid, then it should not be considered environment-friendly as grid power is mostly generated by burning coal. In the long run, if EVs come in bulk grids, they would get overloaded, thus affecting the power quality. The efficient energy management of sources available for charging is mandatory for the persistence of these vehicles. The paper aims to rectify energy crisis by suggesting alternative sources for energising the EVCS. A new hybrid system consisting of PV, WTG and fuel cells is proposed. This system is independent of the grid supply. Hence, even with increasing inrush of EVs, the power quality of grid will not suffer. In this paper, an exhaustive review of different topologies of power converters for EVCS and their comparison are carried out. Furthermore, envisaging the future of RES for the charging station to ensure sustainable development.
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Abbreviations
- BESS:
-
Battery energy storage system
- BEV:
-
Battery electric vehicle
- DFIG:
-
Doubly-fed induction generator
- EVCS:
-
Electric vehicle charging station
- FC:
-
Fuel cell
- MPPT:
-
Maximum power point tracking
- PEMFC:
-
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- PFC:
-
Power factor correction
- PHEV:
-
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
- PMSG:
-
Permanent magnet synchronous generator
- RES:
-
Renewable energy sources
- TSR:
-
Tip speed ratio
- V2G:
-
Vehicle to grid
- V2V:
-
Vehicle to vehicle
- WECS:
-
Wind energy conversion system
- WTG:
-
Wind turbine generator
- A :
-
Area of turbine blades (m2)
- B :
-
Viscous friction of the rotor (N m s/rad)
- C tur :
-
Turbine power coefficient
- E g :
-
Energy band gap of the material (eV)
- E nerst :
-
Nerst voltage (V)
- F :
-
Faraday constant (9.648e4 C/mol)
- G :
-
Solar irradiance (watt/m2)
- I :
-
Net output current
- I exc :
-
Fuel cell exchange current density
- I FC :
-
Fuel cell current density
- I int :
-
Fuel cell internal current density
- I max :
-
Maximum current density (A/m2) of fuel cell
- I net :
-
Resultant output current from solar cell
- I ph :
-
Photocurrent
- I sat :
-
Saturation current
- J :
-
Inertia of wind turbine and rotor (kg m2)
- K :
-
Boltzmann constant (m2 kg s−2 K−1)
- P H2 :
-
Pressure of hydrogen (bar)
- P H2O :
-
Pressure of water (bar)
- P mech :
-
Turbine output power (watt)
- P O2 :
-
Pressure of oxygen (bar)
- P out :
-
Pv power output at fixed irradiance (watt)
- Q e :
-
Absolute electric charge of the electron (C)
- R :
-
Ideal gas constant (8.37 J/kmol)
- R FC :
-
Internal resistance of fc
- R pa :
-
Parallel resistance
- R se :
-
Series resistance
- R tur :
-
Radius of the turbine (m)
- T :
-
Cell absolute temperature
- T elect :
-
Electromagnetic torque (N.m)
- T mech :
-
Mechanical torque in turbine (Nm)
- V :
-
Net output voltage
- V act :
-
Activation voltage
- V conc :
-
Concentration loss
- V MPP :
-
Voltage at maximum power point
- V ohmic :
-
Ohmic voltage
- V term :
-
Terminal voltage
- V wind :
-
Wind speed (m/s)
- Α :
-
Tip speed ratio
- Α opt :
-
Optimum TSR
- Β :
-
Blade pitch angle
- Ρ :
-
Density of air (kg/m3)
- Ω mech :
-
Angular speed of turbine (rad/s)
- Ω opt :
-
Optimum rotational speed
- Φ :
-
Charge transfer coefficient
- Φ :
-
Ideality factor of the diode
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Singh, A., Letha, S.S. Emerging energy sources for electric vehicle charging station. Environ Dev Sustain 21, 2043–2082 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0151-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0151-x