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Effects of clary sage oil and its main components, linalool and linalyl acetate, on the plasma membrane of Candida albicans: an in vivo EPR study

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Abstract

The effects of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) oil (CS-oil), and its two main components, linalool (Lol) and linalyl acetate (LA), on cells of the eukaryotic human pathogen yeast Candida albicans were studied. Dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the plasma membrane were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, with 5-doxylstearic acid (5-SASL) and 16-SASL as spin labels. The monitoring of the head group regions with 5-SASL revealed break-point frequency decrease in a temperature dependent manner of the plasma membrane between 9.55 and 13.15 °C in untreated, in CS-oil-, Lol- and LA-treated membranes. The results suggest a significant increase in fluidity of the treated plasma membranes close to the head groups. Comparison of the results observed with the two spin labels demonstrated that CS-oil and LA induced an increased level of fluidization at both depths of the plasma membrane. Whereas Lol treatment induced a less (1 %) ordered bilayer organization in the superficial regions and an increased (10 %) order of the membrane leaflet in deeper layers. Acute toxicity tests and EPR results indicated that both the apoptotic and the effects exerted on the plasma membrane fluidity depended on the composition and chemical structure of the examined materials. In comparison with the control, treatment with CS-oil, Lol or LA induced 13.0, 12.3 and 26.4 % loss respectively, of the metabolites absorbing at 260 nm, as a biological consequence of the plasma membrane fluidizing effects. Our results confirmed that clary sage oil causes plasma membrane perturbations which leads to cell apoptosis process.

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Abbreviations

5-SASL:

5-Doxylstearic acid

16-SASL:

16-Doxylstearic acid

ATCC:

American type culture collection

ATP:

Adenozine-5′-triphosphate

C. albicans :

Candida albicans

CS-oil:

Clary sage oil

EPR:

Electron paramagnetic resonance

Lol:

Linalool

LA:

Linalyl acetate

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MM:

Minimal medium

OD:

Optical density

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

GC-FID:

Gas chromatography flame ionization detector

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

HepG2:

Human liver carcinoma cells

KCl:

Potassium chloride

LRI:

Estimated linear retention indices

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MM:

Minimal medium

MOMD-model:

Microscopic order macroscopic disorder

OD:

Optical density

RSS:

Residual sum of squares

RT:

Retention time

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 ‘National Excellence Program’. The project was subsidized in part by Grants PL-15/2009 and TÁMOP-4.2.1./B-10/2/KONV-2010-0002.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary

    Ágnes Blaskó & Lilla Makszin

  2. Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

    Zoltán Gazdag, Gábor Máté & Miklós Pesti

  3. Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    Pál Gróf

  4. Department of Medical and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

    Szilvia Sárosi

  5. Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Judit Krisch

  6. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Csaba Vágvölgyi

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  1. Ágnes Blaskó
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  2. Zoltán Gazdag
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Blaskó, Á., Gazdag, Z., Gróf, P. et al. Effects of clary sage oil and its main components, linalool and linalyl acetate, on the plasma membrane of Candida albicans: an in vivo EPR study. Apoptosis 22, 175–187 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1321-7

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