Advertisement

Influence of loading rate on strainburst: an experimental study

  • Guoshao Su
  • Jianqing JiangEmail author
  • Xiating Feng
  • Quan Jiang
  • Zhiyong Chen
  • Jinhai Mo
Original Paper
First Online:

Abstract

Rockburst is a geological disaster in highly stressed ground. As a typical rockburst, strainburst is an ejection failure phenomenon caused by tangential stress concentration, which is frequently encountered in hard-brittle intact rocks in deep tunnel excavation. To explore the strainburst characteristics, a set of tests on rectangular prismatic granite specimens with different loading rates were conducted using an improved true-triaxial testing machine. During the testing process, a special loading path, namely, keeping one free face and loading on other faces, was adopted to simulate the stress concentration of surrounding rock masses near the opening. High-speed cameras were used to record the failure process on the free face of tested specimens. The speed and the kinetic energy of ejected fragments during strainburst were obtained by analyzing videos recorded using high-speed cameras. The experimental results reveal that the loading rate (simulating the rate of tangential stress concentration) plays an important role with respect to the strainburst characteristics. As the loading rate increases from 0.05 to 5.0 MPa/s, the failure mode of tested specimens transfers from static failure (spalling) to dynamic failure (strainburst), and the kinetic energy of ejected fragments during strainburst, as well as the rock strength, increases.

Keywords

Rockburst Strainburst Loading rate Kinetic energy 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41472329) for support. The work in this paper was also supported by the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. Z016009), Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2016GXNSFGA380008) and the Study Abroad Program for Excellent Ph.D. Students of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China.

References

  1. Alexeev AD, Revva VN, Alyshev NA, Zhitlyonok DM (2004) True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int J Coal Geol 58:245–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Barton N, Lien R, Lunde J (1974) Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mech 6:189–236CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Bažant ZP, Bai SP, Gettu R (1993) Fracture of rock: effect of loading rate. Eng Fract Mech 45:393–398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Cai M (2013) Principles of rock support in burst-prone ground. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 36:46–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Cai M, Kaiser PK, Suorineni F, Su K (2007) A study on the dynamic behavior of the Meuse/haute-Marne argillite. Phys Chem Earth 32:907–916CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Cho SH, Ogata Y, Kaneko K (2005) A method for estimating the strength properties of a granitic rock subjected to dynamic loading. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42:561–568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Cook NGW (1963) The basic mechanics of rockbursts. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 63:71–81Google Scholar
  8. Durrheim RJ, Haile A, Roberts MKC, Schweitzer JK, Spottiswoode SM, Klokow JW (1998) Violent failure of a remnant in a deep south African gold mine. Tectonophysics 289:105–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Feng XT, Chen BR, Zhang CQ, Li SJ, Wu SY (2013) Mechanism, warning and dynamic control of rockburst development processes. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  10. Gong FQ, Li XB, Liu XL, Zhao J (2010) Experimental study of dynamic characteristics of sandstone under one-dimensional coupled static and dynamic loads. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 29:2076–2085Google Scholar
  11. Gong WL, Peng YY, Wang H, He MC, Sousa ELR, Wang J (2015) Fracture angle analysis of rock burst faulting Planes based on true-Triaxial experiment. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1017–1039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Grady DE, Kipp ME (1979) The micromechanics of impact fracture of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16:293–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Grady DE, Kipp ME (1980) Continuum modelling of explosive fracture in oil shale. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 17:147–157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Hashiba K, Okubo S, Fukui K (2006) A new testing method for investigating the loading rate dependency of peak and residual rock strength. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 43:894–904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. He MC, Jia XN, Coli M, Livi E, Sousa L (2012a) Experimental study of rockbursts in underground quarrying of Carrara marble. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 52:1–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. He MC, Miao JL, Feng JL (2010) Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:286–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. He MC, Miao JL, Li DJ, Wang CG (2007) Experimental study on rockburst processes of granite specimen at great depth. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 26:865–876 (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  18. He MC, Nie W, Zhao ZY, Guo W (2012b) Experimental investigation of bedding plane orientation on the rockburst behavior of sandstone. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:311–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. He MC, Zhao F, Cai M, Du S (2015) A novel experimental technique to simulate pillar burst in laboratory. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1833–1848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. He MC, Zhao F, Du S, Zheng MJ (2014) Rockburst characteristics based on experimental tests under different unloading rates. Rock Soil Mech 35:2737–2747 (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  21. Hedley DGF (1992) Rockburst handbook for Ontario hardrock mines. Canmet, Ottawa, ONCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Höfer KH, Thoma K (1968) Triaxial tests on salt rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 5:195–196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Hua AZ, You MQ (2001) Rock failure due to energy release during unloading and application to underground rock burst control. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 16:241–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Huang D, Huang R, Zhang Y (2012) Experimental investigations on static loading rate effects on mechanical properties and energy mechanism of coarse crystal grain marble under uniaxial compression. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31:245–255 (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  25. Huang D, Li YR (2014) Conversion of strain energy in triaxial unloading tests on marble. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 66:160–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Jackson R (1991) The effect of loading rate on the uniaxial mechanical properties of lac du bonnet granite, divisional report MRL 90–058 (TR). CANMET. Energy Mines and Resources, CanadaGoogle Scholar
  27. Jiang Q, Su GS, Feng XT, Cui J, Pan PZ, Jiang JQ (2015) Observation of rock fragment ejection in post-failure response. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 74:30–37Google Scholar
  28. Kaiser PK (1996) Canadian rockburst support handbook: prep. for sponsors of the Canadian rockburst research. Geomechanics Research Centre, SudburyGoogle Scholar
  29. Kaiser PK, Vasak P, Suorineni FT, Thibodeau D (2005) New dimensions in seismic data interpretation with 3-D virtual reality visualization for burst-prone mines. In: Potvin Y, Hudyma M (eds) Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on rockburst and seismicity in mines, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp 33–45Google Scholar
  30. Kidybiński A (1981) Bursting liability indices of coal. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 18:295–304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Kumar A (1968) The effect of stress rate and temperature on the strength of basalt and granite. Geophysics 33:501–510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Li HB, Zhao J, Li TJ (1999) Triaxial compression tests on a granite at different strain rates and confining pressures. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:1057–1063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Li XB, Lok TS, Zhao J (2005) Dynamic characteristics of granite subjected to intermediate loading rate. Rock Mech Rock Eng 38:21–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Li XB, Ma CD, Chen F, Xu JC (2004) Experimental study of dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under coupled static-dynamic loading. In: Proceedings of the ISRM international symposium 3rd ARMS. Mill Press, RotterdamGoogle Scholar
  35. Liang CY, Wu SR, Li X, Xin P (2015) Effect of strain rate on fracture characteristics and mesoscopic failure mechanisms of granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 76:146–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Linkov AM (1996) Rockbursts and the instability of rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 33:727–732CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Mao RR, Mao XB, Zhang LY, Liu RX (2015) Effect of loading rates on the characteristics of thermal damage for mudstone under different temperatures. Int J Min Sci Tech 25:797–801CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Martin CD (1994) The strength of massive lac du bonnet granite around underground openings. University of Manitoba, WinnipegGoogle Scholar
  39. Mcgarr A (1997) A mechanism for High Wall-rock velocities in Rockbursts. Pure Appl Geophys 150:381–391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Ortlepp WD (1997) Rock fracture and rockbursts: an illustrative study. South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, JohannesburgGoogle Scholar
  41. Ortlepp WD, Stacey TR (1994) Rockburst mechanisms in tunnels and shafts. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 9:59–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Pettitt WS, King MS (2004) Acoustic emission and velocities associated with the formation of sets of parallel fractures in sandstones. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:382–382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Salamon MDG (1970) Stability, instability and design of pillar workings. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 7:613–631CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Sangha CM, Dhir RK (1972) Influence of time on the strength, deformation and fracture properties of a lower Devonian sandstone. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 9:343–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Simser B, Joughin WC, Ortlepp WD (2002) The performance of Brunswick Mine’s rockburst support system during a severe seismic episode. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 102:217–223Google Scholar
  46. Singh SP (1987) The influence of rock properties on the occurrence and control of rockbursts. Min Sci Tech 5:11–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Singh SP (1989) Classification of mine workings according to their rockburst proneness. Min Sci Tech 8:253–262CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Su GS, Jiang JQ, Feng XT, Mo C, Jiang Q (2016) Experimental study of ejection process in rockburst. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 35:1990–1999 (in Chinese)Google Scholar
  49. Su GS, Jiang JQ, Zhai SB, Zhang GL (2017) Influence of tunnel Axis stress on Strainburst: an experimental study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:1551–1567CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Thompson BD, Young RP, Lockner DA (2006) Fracture in westerly granite under AE feedback and constant strain rate loading: nucleation, quasi-static propagation, and the transition to unstable fracture propagation. Pure Appl Geophys 163:995–1019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Wang JA, Park HD (2001) Comprehensive prediction of rockburst based on analysis of strain energy in rocks. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 16:49–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Wu SY, Wang G (2011) Rock mechanical problems and optimization for the long and deep diversion tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 3:314–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Xie HP, Pariseau WG (1993) Fractal character and mechanism of rock bursts. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 30:343–350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Zhang CQ, Feng XT, Zhou H, Qiu SL, Wu WP (2012a) Case histories of four extremely intense Rockbursts in deep tunnels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:275–288CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Zhang CQ, Feng XT, Zhou H, Qiu SL, Wu WP (2012b) A top pilot tunnel preconditioning method for the prevention of extremely intense Rockbursts in deep tunnels excavated by TBMs. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:289–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Zhang XP, Wong LNY (2013) Loading rate effects on cracking behavior of flaw-contained specimens under uniaxial compression. Int J Fract 180:93–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Zhang ZX, Kou SQ, Jiang LG, Lindqvist PA (2000) Effects of loading rate on rock fracture: fracture characteristics and energy partitioning. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37:745–762CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Zhang ZX, Kou SQ, Yu J, Yu Y, Jiang LG, Lindqvist PA (1999) Effect of loading rate on rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:597–611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Zhao XG, Cai M (2014) Influence of specimen height-to-width ratio on the strainburst characteristics of Tianhu granite under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Can Geotech J 52:890–902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Zhao XG et al (2014) Influence of unloading rate on the strainburst characteristics of Beishan granite under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:467–483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Zhou H, Yang YS, Zhang CQ, Hu DW (2015) Experimental investigations on loading-rate dependency of compressive and tensile mechanical behaviour of hard rocks. Eur J Environ Civ En 19:70–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Zhou XP, Qian QH, Yang HQ (2010) Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock. J Cen South Univ Technol 17:150–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Civil and Architecture EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningPeople’s Republic of China
  2. 2.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanPeople’s Republic of China

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options