Skip to main content
Log in

A density functional study towards substituent effects on anion sensing with urea receptors

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Molecular Modeling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Effects of substituents on anion binding in different urea based receptors have been examined using density functional (B3LYP/6-311+G**) level of theory. The complexes formed by a variety of substituted urea with a halide anion (fluoride) and an oxy-anion (acetate) have been calculated. The stronger complexes were predicted for receptors with fluoride ion than that of acetate ion, however, in water the preference was found to be reversed. The pK a calculations showed the preferred sites of deprotonation for positional isomers, while interacting with anions. The position of the substituent in the receptor, however, could change the preferred sites of deprotonation compared to the site predicted with pK a values.

The substituent effects on anion binding towards different urea receptors have been examined by DFT with B3LYP/6-311+G** level of theory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F (2003) Fluorogenic and chromogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. Chem Rev 103:4419–4476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. James KB (2005) Alfred Werner revisited: the coordination chemistry of anions. Acc Chem Res 38:671–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Beer PD, Gale PA (2001) Anion recognition and sensing: the state of the art and future perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed 40:486–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bondy CRS, Loeb J (2003) Amide based receptors for anions. Coord Chem Rev 240:77–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Choi K, Hamilton AD (2003) Macrocyclic anion receptors based on directed hydrogen bonding interactions. Coord Chem Rev 240:101–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Suksai C, Tuntulani T (2003) Chromogenic anion sensors. Chem Soc Rev 32:192–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Beer PD (1998) Transition-metal receptor systems for the selective recognition and sensing of anionic guest species. Acc Chem Res 31:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gale PA, Quesada R (2006) Anion coordination and anion-templated assembly: Highlights from 2002 to 2004. Coord Chem Rev 250:3219–3244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pérez-Ruiz R, Diaz Y, Goldfuss B, Dirk H, Meerholzb K, Griesbeck AG (2009) Fluoride recognition by a chiral urea receptor linked to a phthalimide chromophore. Org Biomol Chem 7:3499–3504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kang SO, Day VW, James KB (2009) The influence of amine functionalities on anion binding in polyamide-containing macrocycles. Org Lett 11:3654–3657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chakrabarti P (1993) Anion binding sites in protein structures. J Mol Biol 234:463–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ani S, Ferraroni M (1997) In: Bianchi A, James KB, Garcia-Espana E (eds) Supramolecular chemistry of anions, 1st edn. Wiley, New York, pp 63–78

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gale PA (2004) In: Atwood JL, Steed JW (eds) The encyclopedia of supramolecular chemistry. Dekker, New York, pp 31–41

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lee DH, Im JH, Lee JH, Hong JI (2002) A new fluorescent fluoride chemosensor based on conformational restriction of a biaryl fluorophore. Tetrahedron Lett 43:9637–9640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim SK, Yoon J (2002) A new fluorescent PET chemosensor for fluoride ions. Chem Commun 7:770–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nishizawa S, Kato R, Hayashita T, Teramae N (1998) Anion sensing by a thiourea based chromoionophore via hydrogen bonding. Anal Sci 14:595–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kim YJ, Kwak H, Lee SJ, Lee JS, Kwom HJ, Nam SH, Lee K, Kim C (2006) Urea/thiourea-based colorimetric chemosensors for the biologically important ions: efficient and simple sensors. Tetrahedron 62:9635–9640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Pfeffer FM, Gunnalaugsson T, Jensen P, Kruger PE (2005) Anion recognition using preorganized thiourea functionalized [3]Polynorbornane Receptors. Org Lett 7:5357–5360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Beer PD, Davis JJ, Drillsma-Milgrom DA, Szemes F (2002) Anion recognition and redox sensing amplification by self-assembled monolayers of 1,1-bis(alkyl-N-amido)ferrocene. Chem Commun 16:1716–1717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kwon JY, Jang YJ, Kim SK, Lee KH, Kim JS, Yoon J (2004) Unique hydrogen bonds between 9-Anthracenyl hydrogen and anions. J Org Chem 69:5155–5157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Li C, Munenori N, Masayuki T, Shinkai S (2005) A sensitive colorimetric and fluorescent probe based on a polythiophene derivative for the detection of ATP. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:6371–6374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kim SK, Singh NJ, Kim SJ, Swamy KMK, Kim SH, Lee KH, Kim KS, Yoon J (2005) Anthracene derivatives bearing two urea groups as fluorescent receptors for anions. Tetrahedron 61:4545–4550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jose DA, Kumar DK, Ganguly B, Das A (2007) Rugby-Ball-Shaped Sulfate−Water−Sulfate adduct encapsulated in a neutral molecular receptor capsule. Inorg Chem 46:5817–5819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sessler JL, Gale PA, Cho WS (2006) In: Stoddart JF (ed) Anion receptor chemistry (monographs in supramolecular chemistry). Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  25. Xu G, Tarr MA (2004) A novel fluoride sensor based on fluorescence enhancement. Chem Commun 9:1050–1051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Cho EJ, Ryu BJ, Lee YJ, Nam KC (2005) Visible colorimetric fluoride ion sensors. Org Lett 13:2607–2609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kato R, Nishizawa S, Hayashita T, Teramae NA (2001) A thiourea-based chromoionophore for selective binding and sensing of acetate. Tetrahedron Lett 42:5053–5056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Brooks SJ, Gale PA, Light ME (2006) Anion-binding modes in a macrocyclic amidourea. Chem Commun 41:4344–4346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Varghese R, George SJ, Ajayaghosh A (2005) Anion induced modulation of self-assembly and optical properties in urea end-capped oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s. Chem Commun 5:593–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kwon JY, Singh NJ, Kim H, Kim SK, Yoon J (2004) Fluorescent GTP-sensing in aqueous solution of physiological pH. J Am Chem Soc 126:8892–8893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Turner DR, Paterson MJ, Steed JW (2006) A conformationally flexible, urea-based tripodal anion receptor: Solid-state, solution, and theoretical studies. J Org Chem 71:1598–1608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cho EJ, Moon JW, Ko SW, Lee JY, Kim SK, Yoon J, Nam KC (2003) A new fluoride selective fluorescent as well as Chromogenic Chemosensor Containing a Naphthalene Urea Derivative. J Am Chem Soc 125:12376–12377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lee JY, Cho EJ, Mukamel S, Nam KC (2004) Efficient fluoride-selective fluorescent host: Experiment and theory. J Org Chem 69:943–950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Oton F, Tarraga F, Velasco MD, Espinosa A, Molina P (2004) A new fluoride selective electrochemical and fluorescent chemosensor based on a ferrocene–naphthalene dyad. Chem Commun 14:1658–1659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kondo SI, Nagamine M, Yano Y (2003) Synthesis and anion recognition properties of 8, 8′-dithioureido-2, 2′-binaphthalene. Tetrahedron Lett 44:8801–8804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Xie H, Yi S, Yang X, Wu S (1999) Study on host–guest complexation of anions based on a tripodal naphthylurea derivative. New J Chem 23:1105–1110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gunnlaugsson T, Davis AP, Hussey GM, Tierney J, Glynn M (2004) Design, synthesis and photophysical studies of simple fluorescent anion PET sensors using charge neutral thiourea receptors. Org Biomol Chem 2:1856–1863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zeng ZY, He YB, Wu JL, Wei LH, Liu X, Meng LZ, Yang X, (2004) Synthesis of two branched fluorescent receptors and their binding properties for dicarboxylate anions. Eur J Org Chem 2888–2893

  39. Wallace KJ, Belcher WJ, Turner DR, Syed KF, Steed JW (2003) Slow anion exchange, conformational equilibria, and fluorescent sensing in venus flytrap aminopyridinium-based anion hosts. J Am Chem Soc 125:9699–9715

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kim SK, Singh NJ, Kim SJ, Kim HG, Kim JK, Lee JW, Kim KS, Yoon J (2003) New fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer chemosensor for the recognition of H2PO -4 . Org Lett 5:2083–2086

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yoon J, Kim SK, Singh KN, Lee JW, Yang YJ, Chellappan K, Kim KS (2004) Highly effective fluorescent sensor for H2PO -4 . J Org Chem 69:581–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Liu WX, Jiang YB (2007) N-Amidothiourea based PET chemosensors for anions. Org Biomol Chem 5:1771–1775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Liao JH, Chen CT, Fang JM (2002) A novel phosphate chemosensor utilizing anion-induced fluorescence change. Org Lett 4:561–564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kuo LJ, Liao JH, Chen CT, Huan CH, Chen CS, Fang JM (2003) Two-arm ferrocene amide compounds: Synclinal conformations for selective sensing of dihydrogen phosphate ion. Org Lett 5:1821–1824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nishizawa S, Kaneda H, Uchida T, Teramae N (1998) Anion sensing by a donor–spacer–acceptor system: an intra-molecular exciplex emission enhanced by hydrogen bond-mediated complexation. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:2325–2328

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nishizawa S, Kato R, Teramae N (1999) Fluorescence sensing of anions via intramolecular excimer formation in a pyrophosphate-induced self-assembly of a pyrene-functionalized guanidinium receptor. J Am Chem Soc 121:9463–9464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Schazmann B, Alhashimy N, Diamond D (2006) Chloride selective Calix[4]arene optical sensor combining urea functionality with pyrene excimer transduction. J Am Chem Soc 128:8607–8614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jose DA, Kumar DK, Ganguly B, Das A (2004) Efficient and simple colorimetric fluoride ion sensor based on receptors having urea and thiourea binding sites. Org Lett 6:3445–3448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jose DA, Kumar DK, Ganguly B, Das A (2005) Urea and thiourea based efficient colorimetric sensors for oxyanions. Tatrahedron Lett 46:5343–5346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jimenez D, Manez RM, Sancenon F, Soto J (2002) Selective fluoride sensing using colorimetric reagents containing anthraquinone and urea or thiourea binding sites. Tatrahedron Lett 43:2823–2825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lo KKW, Lau JSY, Fong VWY, Zhu N (2004) Electrochemical, photophysical, and anion-binding properties of a luminescent rhenium(I) polypyridine anthraquinone complex with a thiourea receptor. Organometallics 23:1098–1106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Evans LS, Gale PA, Light ME, Quesada R (2006) Anion binding vs. deprotonation in colorimetric pyrrolylamidothiourea based anion sensors. Chem Commun 9:965–967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Brooks SJ, Edwards PR, Gale PA, Light ME (2006) Carboxylate complexation by a family of easy-to-make ortho-phenylenediamine based bis-ureas: studies in solution and the solid state. New J Chem 30:65–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jose DA, Kumar DK, Kar P, Verma S, Ghosh A, Ganguly B, Ghosh HN, Das A (2007) Role of positional isomers on receptor–anion binding and evidence for resonance energy transfer. Tetrahedron 63:12007–12014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Amendola V, Esteban-goämez D, Fabbrizzi L, Licchelli M (2006) What Anions Do to N−H-Containing Receptors. Acc Chem Res 39:343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Jose DA, Singh A, Das A, Ganguly B (2007) A density functional study towards the preferential binding of anions to urea and thiourea. Tatrahedron Lett 48:3695–3698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB, Scuseria GE, Robb MA, Cheeseman JRJ, Montgomery A Jr, Vreven T, Kudin KN, Burant JC, Millam JM, Iyengar SS, Tomasi J, Barone V, Mennucci B, Cossi M, Scalmani G, Rega N, Petersson GA, Nakatsuji H, Hada M, Ehara M, Toyota K, Fukuda R, Hasegawa J, Ishida M, Nakajima T, Honda Y, Kitao O, Nakai H, Klene M, Li X, Knox JE, Hratchian HP, Cross JB, Bakken V, Adamo C, Jaramillo J, Gomperts R, Stratmann RE, Yazyev O, Austin AJ, Cammi R, Pomelli C, Ochterski JW, Ayala PY, Morokuma K, Voth GA, Salvador P, Dannenberg JJ, Zakrzewski VG, Dapprich S, Daniels AD, Strain MC, Farkas O, Malick DK, Rabuck AD, Raghavachari K, Foresman JB, Ortiz JV, Cui Q, Baboul AG, Clifford S, Cioslowski J, Stefanov BB, Liu G, Liashenko A, Piskorz P, Komaromi I, Martin RL, Fox DJ, Keith T, Al-Laham MA, Peng CY, Nanayakkara A, Challacombe M, Gill PMW, Johnson B, Chen W, Wong MW, Gonzalez C, Pople JA (2004) Gaussian 03, Revision E.01. Gaussian Inc, Wallingford, CT

  58. TITAN; Wavefunction, Inc. 18401 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 370, Irvine, CA 92612, USA, Schrodinger, Inc., 1500 SW First Avenue, Suite 1180, Portland, OR 97201, USA

  59. Jorgensen WL (1989) Free energy calculations: a breakthrough for modeling organic chemistry in solution. Acc Chem Res 22:184–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Peräkylä M (1998) A model study of the enzyme-catalyzed cytosine methylation using ab initio quantum mechanical and density functional theory calculations: pKa of the cytosine N3 in the intermediates and transition states of the reaction. J Am Chem Soc 120:12895–12902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Kumar VP, Ganguly B, Bhattacharya S (2004) Synthesis of nonracemic allylic hydroxy phosphonates via alkene cross metathesis. J Org Chem 69:8634–8642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Liptak MD, Shields GC (2001) Accurate pKa calculations for carboxylic acids using complete basis set and Gaussian-n models combined with CPCM continuum solvation methods. J Am Chem Soc 123:7314–7319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tomasi J, Persico M (1994) Molecular interactions in solution: An overview of methods based on continuous distributions of the solvent. Chem Rev 94:2027–2094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jang YH, Sowers LC, Çain T, Goddard WA III (2001) First principles calculation of pKa values for 5-substituted uracils. J Phys Chem A 105:274–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Li Q-S, Zhao J-F, Xie Y, Shaefer HF (2002) Electron affinities, molecular structures, and thermochemistry of the fluorine, chlorine and bromine substituted methyl radicals. Mol Phys 100:3615–3648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Worsham JE, Levy HA, Peterson SW (1957) The positions of hydrogen atoms in urea by neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallogr A 10:319–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Kontoyianni M, Bowen P (1992) An ab initio and molecular mechanical investigation of ureas and amide derivatives. J Comput Chem 13:657–666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Meier RJ, Coussens B (1992) The molecular structure of the urea molecule: Is the minimum energy structure planar? J Mol Struct 253:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  69. Gobbi A, Frenking G (1993) Y-Conjugated compounds: The equilibrium geometries and electronic structures of guanidine, guanidinium cation, urea, and 1, 1-diaminoethylene. J Am Chem Soc 115:2362–2372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Godfrey PD, Brown RD, Hunter AN (1997) The shape of urea. J Mol Struct 413:405–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Brown RD, Godfrey D, Storey J (1975) The microwave spectrum of urea. J Mol Spectrosc 58:445–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hay BP, Firman TK, Moyer BA (2005) Structural design criteria for anion hosts: Strategies for achieving anion shape recognition through the complementary placement of urea donor groups. J Am Chem Soc 127:1810–1825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hay BP, Gutowski M, Dixon DA, Garza J, Vargas R, Moyer BA (2004) Structural criteria for the rational design of selective ligands: Convergent hydrogen bonding sites for the nitrate anion. J Am Chem Soc 126:7925–7934

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gomez DE, Fabbrizzi L, Licchelli M, Monzani E (2005) Urea vs thiourea in anion recognition. Org Biomol Chem 3:1495–1500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Boiocchi M, DelBoca L, Gomez DE, Fabbrizzi L, Licchelli M, Monazani E (2004) Nature of urea−fluoride interaction: Incipient and definitive proton transfer. J Am Chem Soc 126:16507–16514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Amendola V, Boiocchi M, Colasson B, Fabbrizzi L (2006) Metal-controlled assembly and selectivity of a urea-based anion receptor. Inorg Chem 45:6138–6147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rajinikant DMB, Deshmkh K (2006) Bull Mater Sci 29:239–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Vincent MA, Hillier IH (2005) The solvated fluoride anion can be a good nucleophile. Chem Commun 47:5902–5903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Ghosh T, Maiya B, Wong MW (2004) Fluoride ion receptors based on dipyrrolyl derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing groups: Synthesis, optical and electrochemical sensing, and computational studies. J Phys Chem A 108:11249–11259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. de Silva AP, Gunaratne HQN, Gunnlaugsson T, Huxley AJM, McCoy CP, Rademacher JT, Rice TE (1997) Signaling recognition events with fluorescent sensors and switches. Chem Rev 97:1515–1566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Shao J, Lin H, Lin HK (2008) A simple and efficient colorimetric anion sensor based on a thiourea group in DMSO and DMSO–water and its real-life application. Talanta 75:1015–1020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hu S, Guo Y, Xu J, Shao S (2008) A selective chromogenic molecular sensor for acetate anions in a mixed acetonitrile–water medium. Org Biomol Chem 6:2071–2075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gunnlaugsson T, Kruger PE, Jensen P, Tierney J, PadukaAli HD, Hussey GM (2005) Colorimetric “naked eye” sensing of anions in aqueous solution. J Org Chem 70:10875–10878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lin Z, Ou S, Duan C, Zhang B, Bai Z (2006) Naked-eye detection of fluoride ion in water: a remarkably selective easy-to-prepare test paper. Chem Commun 2006:624–626

  85. Kim Y, Gabba FP (2009) Cationic boranes for the complexation of fluoride ions in water below the 4 ppm maximum contaminant level. J Am Chem Soc 131:3363–3369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Brodwell FG (1988) Equilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. Acc Chem Res 21:456–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Brodwell FG, Algrim DJ, Harrelson JA (1988) The relative ease of removing a proton, a hydrogen atom, or an electron from carboxamides versus thiocarboxamides. J Am Chem Soc 110:5903–5904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Fan E, Van Armon SA, Kincald S, Hamilton AD (1993) Molecular recognition: Hydrogen-bonding receptors that function in highly competitive solvents. J Am Chem Soc 115:369–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ghosh A, Verma S, Ganguly B, Ghosh HN, Das A (2009) Influence of urea N–H acidity on receptor–anionic and neutral analyte binding in a ruthenium(II)–polypyridyl-based colorimetric sensor. Eur J Inorg Chem 17:2496–2507

    Google Scholar 

  90. Ghosh A, Ganguly B, Das A (2007) Urea-based ruthenium(II)-polypyridyl complex as an optical sensor for anions: Synthesis, characterization, and binding studies. Inorg Chem 46:9912–9918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hughes MP, Smith BD (1997) Enhanced carboxylate binding using urea and amide-based receptors with internal lewis acid coordination: A cooperative polarization effect. J Org Chem 62:4492–4499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Meng EC, Cieplak P, Caldwell JW, Kollman PA (1994) Accurate solvation free energies of acetate and methylammonium ions calculated with a polarizable water model. J Am Chem Soc 116:12061–12062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Blades AT, Klassen JS, Kebarle P (1995) Free energies of hydration in the gas phase of the anions of some Oxo acids of C, N, S, P, Cl, and I. J Am Chem Soc 117:10563–10571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Meot-Ner M, WayneSieck L (1986) The ionic hydrogen bond and ion solvation. 5- OH.cntdot.cntdot.cntdot.O-bonds. Gas-phase solvation and clustering of alkoxide and carboxylate anions. J Am Chem Soc 108:7525–7529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wincel H (2008) Ab initio investigation of the hydration of deprotonated amino acids. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19:1091–1097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kilincekera G, Galipb H (2008) The effects of acetate ions (CH3COO) on electrochemical behavior of copper in chloride solutions. Mater Chem Phys 110:380–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors thank the Department of Science and Technology, Board of Radiation and Nuclear Sciences of Department of Atomic Energy and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India for financial support. AG wishes to thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, for a Senior Research Fellowship. AD and BG thank Dr. P. K. Ghosh for his keen interest in the work. We thank the reviewers for their suggestions to improve the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Amitava Das or Bishwajit Ganguly.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOC 92 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ghosh, A., Jose, D.A., Das, A. et al. A density functional study towards substituent effects on anion sensing with urea receptors. J Mol Model 16, 1441–1448 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-010-0663-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-010-0663-2

Keywords

Navigation