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Financial hedging in energy market by cross-learning machines

  • An-Sing Chen
  • Mark T. LeungEmail author
  • Shaotao Pan
  • Ching-Yun Chou
Original Paper
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Abstract

The recent price volatility in the energy market highlights the importance of financial hedging and the need of its incorporation into an investor’s set of portfolio strategies. Realizing the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, our study empirically examines the use of machine learning models for hedging price risk associated with the holding of energy-based financial product. From a technical perspective, kernel regression and support vector machine are trained to estimate the time-varying optimal hedge ratio given the observed price movement and other factors. The estimated hedge ratio is then employed to guide the price hedging strategy of the crude oil contracts traded in the commodity exchanges. The two machine approaches’ hedging effectiveness against price risk is also compared with those of the un-hedged portfolio as well as a well-studied econometric time series approach. Our results indicate that the two forms of learning machines substantially outperform time series model and no-hedging over the out-of-sample period but neither machine dominates another across all testing scenarios. Given these mixed results between kernel regression and support vector machine, we propose and develop a kernel-supervised support vector machine to take advantage of the complementary nature of the two machine learning approaches and enhance the supervised learning process through hierarchical/sequential infusion of information. Cross-learning empirical testing shows that the proposed cross-learning machine is more effective in hedging than individual kernel regression and support vector machine. Furthermore, our study evaluates the impact of incorporating the coefficient of absolute risk aversion and the transaction costs to machine learning models. In general, cross-learning machine outperforms others in all tested scenarios.

Keywords

Energy financial market Time-varying commodity hedging Machine learning Cross-training algorithm Kernel regression Support vector machine 
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Notes

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • An-Sing Chen
    • 1
  • Mark T. Leung
    • 2
    Email author
  • Shaotao Pan
    • 3
  • Ching-Yun Chou
    • 4
  1. 1.Department of FinanceNational Chung Cheng UniversityChiayiTaiwan
  2. 2.Department of Management Science and StatisticsUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioUSA
  3. 3.Data Product DevelopmentAustinUSA
  4. 4.Ministry of Justice Investigation BureauTaipeiTaiwan

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