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Oecologia

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Ongoing seasonally uneven climate warming leads to earlier autumn growth cessation in deciduous trees

  • Constantin M. ZohnerEmail author
  • Susanne S. Renner
Global change ecology – original research
First Online:

Abstract

Ongoing global warming is causing phenological shifts that affect photosynthesis and growth rates in temperate woody species. However, the effects of seasonally uneven climate warming—as is occurring in much of Europe, where the winter/spring months are warming twice as fast than the summer/autumn months—on autumn growth cessation (completion of overwintering buds) and leaf senescence, and possible carry-over effects between phenophases, remain under-investigated. We conducted experiments in which we exposed saplings of canopy and understory species to 4 °C warming in winter/spring, summer/autumn, or all year to disentangle how the timing of bud break, bud set completion, and leaf senescence is affected by seasonally uneven warming. All-year warming led to significantly delayed leaf senescence, but advanced bud set completion; summer/autumn warming only delayed leaf senescence; and winter/spring warming advanced both bud set and senescence. The non-parallel effects of warming on bud completion and leaf senescence show that leaf senescence alone is an inadequate proxy for autumn growth cessation in trees and counterintuitively suggest that continued uneven seasonal warming will advance cessation of primary growth in autumn, even when leaf senescence is delayed. Phenological responses to warming treatments (earlier spring onset, later autumn senescence) were more than twice as high in understory species than in canopy species, which can partly be explained by the absence of carry-over effects among phenophases in the former group. This underscores the need to consider differences among plant functional types when forecasting the future behaviour of ecosystems.

Keywords

Global Change Ecology Plant–climate interactions Phenology Climate change Vegetation period Leaf-out Bud set Senescence Chlorophyll Climate warming experiment 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

We thank V. Sebald, H. Schmitt, and M. Wenn for help with the experiments, two reviewers for their constructive comments, and the Elfriede and Franz Jakob Foundation for supporting research in the Botanical Garden Munich. This work benefitted from the sharing of expertise within the DFG priority program SPP 1991 on Taxon-Omics.

Author contribution statement

CMZ designed the study and conducted the experiments and analyses. CMZ and SSR wrote the manuscript.

Supplementary material

442_2019_4339_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (555 kb)
Supplementary material 1 (pdf 555 kb)

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
  2. 2.Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of BiologyMunich University (LMU)MunichGermany

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