Advertisement

Experiments in Fluids

, 60:34 | Cite as

Application of LED-based thermographic phosphorescent technique to diesel combustion chamber walls in a pre-burn-type optical constant-volume vessel

  • Tzi-Chieh ChiEmail author
  • Guanxiong Zhai
  • Sanghoon Kook
  • Qing N. Chan
  • Evatt R. Hawkes
Research Article
First Online:
  • 92 Downloads

Abstract

This study presents a method for direct measurement of wall surface temperature realising two-dimensional, thermographic phosphorescence imaging. The experiments were performed in a constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) wherein the ambient gas and fuel injection conditions closely mimic those found in a typical diesel engine. The new method successfully made use of a high-power light emitting diode (LED) system and intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera—which offers practical advantages such as much lower cost and reduced safety concerns in comparison to laser-based phosphorescence diagnostics. Previous studies have successfully demonstrated measurement strategies using LEDs (Atakan et al., Exp Measur Strat.  https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/7/075304, 2009; Salem et al., Exp Fluids 49:797–807, 2010); however, most have implemented a lifetime-based approach. Aizawa and Kosaka (Int J Fuels Lubr 1:549–558, 2008) demonstrated the applicability of the absolute intensity method as a viable alternative, using a laser source for excitation. This paper combines Aizawa and Kosaka’s intensity-ratio methodology with LED excitation, and implements the technique to a diesel flame/wall interaction case in a pre-burn-type optical CVCC. Europium-doped lanthanum oxysulphide (La2O2S:Eu) was selected as a suitable phosphor material due to its high temperature sensitivity at this engine relevant condition. The present study first investigates how phosphorescence signals are influenced by the coating thickness. The thickness of the phosphor-binder layer was measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the 11.9–19.0 µm range. The optimal layer thickness was chosen as 14.3 µm, the thinnest possible layer capable of achieving the highest emission signal, as thicker coatings are more prone to thermal gradients—especially at a transient flame/wall interaction condition. Calibration images were obtained in the 294–523 K range with ± 2 K uncertainty in an electric furnace, thereby allowing two-dimensional temperature measurements in the CVCC application. The results obtained for various timings after the start of fuel injection, namely before and after the flame impingement on the wall, indicate effective wall temperature measurements with low spatial (pixel-by-pixel) and shot-to-shot variations of < 7.5 K (95% confidence).

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

Support for this research was provided by the Australian Research Council via Discovery Projects scheme.

References

  1. Abram C, Fond B, Beyrau F (2015) High-precision flow temperature imaging using ZnO thermographic phosphor tracer particles. Opt Express 23:19453–19468.  https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.019453 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Abram C, Pougin M, Beyrau F (2016) Temperature field measurements in liquids using ZnO thermographic phosphor tracer particles. Exp Fluids 57:115.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2200-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Abram C, Fond B, Beyrau F (2018) Temperature measurement techniques for gas and liquid flows using thermographic phosphor tracer particles. Prog Energy Combust Sci 64:93–156.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.09.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Aizawa T, Kosaka H (2008) Laser-induced phosphorescence thermography of combustion chamber wall of diesel engine SAE. Int J Fuels Lubr 1:549–558.  https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1069 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Akiyama S, Cheng YT, Fattaccioli J, Takama N, Low P, Bergaud C, Kim BJ (2009) Surface-temperature control of silicon nanowires in dry and liquid conditions. In: IEEE 22nd international conference on micro electro mechanical systems, 25–29 Jan. 2009 2009. pp 567–570.  https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMSYS.2009.4805445
  6. Ali A, Khanzada LS, Hashemi A, Polzer C, Osvet A, Brabec C, Batentschuk M (2018) Optimization of synthesis and compositional parameters of magnesium germanate and fluoro-germanate thermographic phosphors. J Alloy Compd 734:29–35.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.259 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Allison SW, Gillies GT (1997) Remote thermometry with thermographic phosphors: instrumentation and applications. Rev Sci Instrum 68:2615–2650.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1148174 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Allison S, Cates M, Beshears DA survey of thermally sensitive phosphors for pressure sensitive paint applications. In: Proceedings of the international instrumentation symposium, 2000. AMERICAN TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS LTD, pp 29–38Google Scholar
  9. Andreassi L, Ubertini S, Allocca L (2007) Experimental and numerical analysis of high pressure diesel spray–wall interaction. Int J Multiph Flow 33:742–765.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2007.01.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Arcoumanis C, Chang J-C (1993) Heat transfer between a heated plate and an impinging transient diesel spray. Exp Fluids 16:105–119.  https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00944912 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Atakan B, Roskosch D (2013) Thermographic phosphor thermometry in transient combustion: a theoretical study of heat transfer and accuracy. Proc Combust Inst 34:3603–3610.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.022 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Atakan B, Eckert C, Pflitsch C (2009) Light emitting diode excitation of Cr3+:Al2O 3 as thermographic phosphor. Exp Measur Strat.  https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/7/075304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Behm LVJ et al (2018) A simple approach for the precise measurement of surface temperature distributions on the microscale under dry and liquid conditions based on thin Rhodamine B films sensors actuators B. Chemical 255:2023–2031.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Beshears DL, Capps GJ, Cates MR, Simmons CM, Schwenterly SW Laser-induced fluorescence of phosphors for remote cryogenic thermometry. In: SPIE microelectronic interconnect and integrated processing symposium (1990) SPIE, p 12Google Scholar
  15. Brübach J, Dreizler A, Janicka J (2007a) Gas compositional and pressure effects on thermographic phosphor thermometry Measurement. Sci Technol 18:764Google Scholar
  16. Brübach J, van Veen E, Dreizler A (2007b) Combined phosphor and CARS thermometry at the wall–gas interface of impinging flame and jet systems. Exp Fluids 44:897.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-0446-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Brübach J, Pflitsch C, Dreizler A, Atakan B (2013) On surface temperature measurements with thermographic phosphors: a review progress. Energy Combust Sci 39:37–60.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.06.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Chambers MD, Clarke DR (2009) Doped oxides for high-temperature luminescence and lifetime thermometry. Annu Rev Mater Res 39:325–359.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-112408-125237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Dec JE (1997) A conceptual model of DI diesel combustion based on laser-sheet imaging*. SAE Technical Paper 970873.  https://doi.org/10.4271/970873
  20. Dragomirov P, Mendieta A, Abram C, Fond B, Beyrau F (2018) Planar measurements of spray-induced wall cooling using phosphor thermometry. Exp Fluids 59:42.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-017-2480-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Feist J, Heyes A, Seefeldt S (2002) Thermographic phosphors for gas turbines: instrumentation development and measurement uncertaintiesGoogle Scholar
  22. Fuhrmann N, Brübach J, Dreizler A (2013) Phosphor thermometry: a comparison of the luminescence lifetime and the intensity ratio approach. Proc Combust Inst 34:3611–3618  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.084 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Giassi D, Long MB (2016) Signal-to-noise ratio improvements in laser flow diagnostics using time-resolved image averaging and high dynamic range imaging. Exp Fluids 57:135.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2218-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Goss L, Smith A, Post M (1989) Surface thermometry by laser-induced fluorescence. Rev Sci Instrum 60:3702–3706CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Heichal Y, Chandra S, Bordatchev E (2005) A fast-response thin film thermocouple to measure rapid surface temperature changes Experimental. Thermal Fluid Sci 30:153–159.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2005.05.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Henckels A, Maurer F, Olivier H, Grönig H (1990) Fast temperature measurement by infra-red line scanning in a hypersonic shock tunnel. Exp Fluids 9:298–300.  https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00233132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Jayaraman A, Wang SY, Sharma SK (1995) New pressure-induced phase changes in CdWO4 from Raman spectroscopic and optical microscopic studies. Curr Sci 69:44–48Google Scholar
  28. Jeon BS, Hong GY, Yoo YK, Yoo JS (2001) Spherical BaMgAl10 O 17: Eu2 + phosphor prepared by aerosol pyrolysis technique for PDP applications. J Electrochem Soc 148:H128–H131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Jing W, Roberts WL, Fang T (2015) Spray combustion of Jet-A and diesel fuels in a constant volume combustion chamber Energy. Convers Manag 89:525–540.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Khalid A, Kontis K (2008) Thermographic phosphors for high temperature measurements: principles, current state of the art and recent applications. Sensors 8:5673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Khalid AH, Kontis K (2011) Progress towards absolute intensity measurements of emissions from high temperature thermographic phosphors. J Lumin 131:1312–1321.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.02.018 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Khlifa I, Vabre A, Hočevar M, Fezzaa K, Fuzier S, Roussette O, Coutier-Delgosha O (2017) Fast X-ray imaging of cavitating flows. Exp Fluids 58:157.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-017-2426-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Knappe C (2013) Phosphor thermometry on surfaces-A study of its methodology and its practical applicationsGoogle Scholar
  34. Knappe C et al (2011) Laser-induced phosphorescence and the impact of phosphor coating thickness on crank-angle resolved cylinder wall temperatures. SAE Int J Eng 4:1689–1698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Knappe C, Algotsson M, Andersson P, Richter M, Tunér M, Johansson B, Aldén M (2013) Thickness dependent variations in surface phosphor thermometry during transient combustion in an HCCI engine. Combust Flame 160:1466–1475.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.02.023 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Krauss RH, Hellier RG, McDaniel JC (1994) Surface temperature imaging below 300 K using La2O2S:Eu. Appl Opt 33:3901–3904.  https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.003901 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Lempereur C, Andral R, Prudhomme JY (2008) Surface temperature measurement on engine components by means of irreversible thermal coatings. Measur Sci Technol 19:105501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Lindén J (2012) Laser-induced phosphor thermometry—feasibility and precision in combustion applications. Lund Report on Combustion Physics, Lund University, LundGoogle Scholar
  39. Löw P, Kim B, Takama N, Bergaud C (2008) High-Spatial-resolution surface-temperature mapping using fluorescent thermometry small. Weinheim an der Bergstrasse Germany 4:908–914.  https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700581 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Marr MA, Wallace JS, Chandra S, Pershin L, Mostaghimi J (2010) A fast response thermocouple for internal combustion engine surface temperature measurements Experimental. Thermal Fluid Sci 34:183–189.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.10.008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Mendieta A, Dragomirov P, Schulz F, Beyrau F, Samenfink W, Schuenemann E (2018) Laser-based measurements of surface cooling following fuel spray impingementGoogle Scholar
  42. Mercer CR, Rashidnia N, Creath K (1996) High data density temperature measurement for quasi steady-state flows. Exp Fluids 21:11–16.  https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00204630 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Neal N, Rothamer D (2016) Measurement and characterization of fully transient diesel fuel jet processes in an optical engine with production injectors. Exp Fluids 57:155.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2239-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Omrane A, Ossler F, Aldén M (2002) Two-dimensional surface temperature measurements of burning materials. Proc Combust Inst 29:2653–2659.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80323-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Peng D, Jiao L, Yu Y, Liu Y, Oshio T, Kawakubo T, Yakushiji A (2017) Single-shot lifetime-based PSP and TSP measurements on turbocharger compressor blades. Exp Fluids 58:127.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-017-2416-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Pflitsch C, Siddiqui RA, Eckert C, Atakan B (2008) Sol–Gel deposition of chromium doped aluminium oxide films (Ruby) for surface temperature sensor application. Chem Mater 20:2773–2778.  https://doi.org/10.1021/cm702510g CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Pickett LM, Siebers DL (2004) Soot in diesel fuel jets: effects of ambient temperature, ambient density, and injection pressure. Combust Flame 138:114–135.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.04.006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Ross D, Gaitan M, Locascio LE (2001) Temperature measurement in microfluidic systems using a temperature-dependent fluorescent. Dye Anal Chem 73:4117–4123.  https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010370l CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Sakakibara J, Hishida K, Maeda M (1993) Measurements of thermally stratified pipe flow using image-processing techniques. Exp Fluids 16:82–96.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00944910 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Sakakibara J, Hishida K, Maeda M (1997) Vortex structure and heat transfer in the stagnation region of an impinging plane jet (simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature fields by digital particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence. Int J Heat Mass Transf 40:3163–3176.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(96)00367-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Salem M, Staude S, Bergmann U, Atakan B (2010) Heat flux measurements in stagnation point methane/air flames with thermographic phosphors. Exp Fluids 49:797–807.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0910-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Schulz C, Sick V (2005) Tracer-LIF diagnostics: quantitative measurement of fuel concentration, temperature and fuel/air ratio in practical combustion systems. Prog Energy Combust Sci 31:75–121.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2004.08.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Stringer VL, Cheng WL, Lee C-fF, Hansen AC (2008) Combustion and emissions of biodiesel and diesel fuels in direct injection compression ignition engines using multiple injection strategiesGoogle Scholar
  54. Talby R, Anselmet F, Fulachier L (1990) Temperature fluctuation measurements with fine thermocouples. Exp Fluids 9:115–116.  https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00575346 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Xavier P, Selle L, Oztarlik G, Poinsot T (2018) Phosphor thermometry on a rotating flame holder for combustion applications. Exp Fluids.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-018-2491-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Zentgraf F, Stephan M, Berrocal E, Albert B, Böhm B, Dreizler A (2017) Application of structured illumination to gas phase thermometry using thermographic phosphor particles: a study for averaged imaging. Exp Fluids 58:82.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-017-2364-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options