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World Journal of Urology

, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp 125–131 | Cite as

Pressure matters: intrarenal pressures during normal and pathological conditions, and impact of increased values to renal physiology

  • Theodoros TokasEmail author
  • Thomas R. W. Herrmann
  • Andreas Skolarikos
  • Udo Nagele
  • Training and Research in Urological Surgery and Technology (T.R.U.S.T.)-Group
Invited Review
First Online:

Abstract

Purpose

To perform a review on the latest evidence related to normal and pathological intrarenal pressures (IRPs), complications of incremented values, and IRP ranges during endourology.

Methods

A literature search was performed using PubMed, restricted to original English-written articles, including animal, artificial model, and human studies. Different keywords were: percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL, ureteroscopy, URS, RIRS, irrigation flow, irrigation pressure, intrarenal pressure, intrapelvic pressure and renal pelvic pressure.

Results

Normal IRPs range from zero to a few cm H2O. Pyelovenous backflow may occur at pressure range of 13.6–27.2 cm H2O. During upper tract endourology, complications such as pyelorenal backflow, sepsis, and renal damage are directly related to increased IRPs. Duration of increased IRPs and concomitant obstruction are independent predictors of complication development.

Conclusions

IRP increase remains a neglected predictor of upper tract endourology complications and its intraoperative monitoring should be taken into consideration. Further research is necessary, to quantify pressures generated during upper tract endourology, and introduce means of controlling them.

Keywords

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy PCNL Ureteroscopy URS RIRS Irrigation flow Irrigation pressure Intrarenal pressure Intrapelvic pressure Renal pelvic pressure 
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Notes

Author contributions

TT: Data management, data analysis, manuscript writing. TRW Herrmann: Interpreting data. AS: Interpreting data. UN: Protocol/project development and interpreting data.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and animal rights

This review does not involve human participants and/or animals.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Urology and AndrologyGeneral Hospital Hall in TirolHall in TirolAustria
  2. 2.Department of UrologyKantonspital Frauenfeld, Spital Thurgau AGFrauenfeldSwitzerland
  3. 3.Second Department of Urology, Sismanoglio HospitalAthens Medical SchoolAthensGreece

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