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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

, Volume 102, Issue 22, pp 9449–9470 | Cite as

Nanomedicines for developing cancer nanotherapeutics: from benchtop to bedside and beyond

  • Javed Iqbal
  • Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi
  • Riaz Ahmad
  • Tariq Mahmood
  • Barkat Ali
  • Ali Talha Khalil
  • Sobia Kanwal
  • Sayed Afzal Shah
  • Muhammad Maqsood Alam
  • Hussain Badshah
  • Akhtar Munir
Mini-Review
First Online:
  • 256 Downloads

Abstract

Cancer is a devastating disease and remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. Although there are large number of drugs that can be used for the treatment of cancer, the problem is selective and specific killing of cancerous cells without harming the normal cells. There are some biological barriers to potential drug delivery in cancer cells like hepatic, renal, abnormal vasculature, dense extracellular matrix, and high interstitial fluid pressure. The physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) such as size, shape, and surface charge may also have significant effects on tumor penetration. NPs coated with drug can be used to overcome these biological barriers to enhance targeted delivery. This literature survey encompasses the biological barriers to potential drug delivery in cancer cells, elaborate on designing strategies to enhance NPs penetration and distribution inside the tumor interstitium. Scientists are now doing great efforts to design next-generation of nanomedicines (NMs) that need to be better targeted with high specificity and efficacy to kill cancer cells. These challenges need to be overcome through collaborations among academia, pharmaceutical industries, and regulatory agencies to eradicate this global menace. Furthermore, this review article has critically discussed the recent developments, controversies, challenges, emerging concepts, and future perspectives in cancer NMs.

Keywords

Nanomedicine Cancer Nanoparticles Biological barriers Drugs Challenges 
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Notes

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The article does not contain any studies with animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.

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© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Plant SciencesQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
  2. 2.College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXianChina
  3. 3.UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate StudiesUniversity of South AfricaPretoriaSouth Africa
  4. 4.Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET)iThemba LABS-National Research FoundationSomerset WestSouth Africa
  5. 5.Department of Eastern Medicine and SurgeryQarshi UniversityLahorePakistan
  6. 6.Department of ZoologyUniversity of Gujrat, Sub-Campus RawalpindiRawalpindiPakistan
  7. 7.Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesKingsvilleUSA
  8. 8.Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science and EngineeringLahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)LahorePakistan

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