Abstract
The adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC-C) cells, on a gold electrode were monitored using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. The viscodensity effect caused by the normal action of the cells led to a decrease of the resonant frequency and increase of the motional resistance. The oxidative injury of HUVEC-C cells appeared immediately with the addition of H2O2, exhibiting the decline of cellular spreading area and cell coverage on the electrode surface and resulting in inverted QCM responses. The injured extent of the cells was found to be related to the content of H2O2. It is found that 0.05 mM quercetin added beforehand in the growth medium could remove completely the oxidative action of 1.0 mM H2O2. Quercetin with increased dosage still exerted a partial protective effect on HUVEC-C cells against oxidative injury induced by 2.5 mM H2O2. The microscope observations, electrochemical measurements, and MTT analysis validate the QCM assay results, indicating that quercetin is a valuable flavonoid anti-oxidant in the precaution and treatment for the oxidative injury of vascular endothelium.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Keller TT, Mairuhu ATA, de Kruif MD, Klein SK, Gerdes VEA, ten Cate H. Infections and endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:40–8.
Michiels C. Endothelial cell functions. J Cell Physiol. 2003;196:430–43.
Widlansky ME, Gokce N, Keaney Jr JF, Vita JA. The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1149–60.
Cooke JP. Flow, NO, and atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:768–70.
May JM. How does ascorbic acid prevent endothelial dysfunction? Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;28:1421–9.
Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy MJ, Chiu EY, Schloetter MC, Paul SM, et al. Antioxidant vitamins C and E improve endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: endothelial assessment of risk from lipids in youth (EARLY) trial. Circulation. 2003;108:1059–63.
Podhaisky HP, Abate A, Polte T, Oberle S, Schröder H. Aspirin protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress-possible synergism with vitamin E. FEBS Lett. 1997;417:349–51.
Cesquini M, Torsoni MA, Stoppa GR, Ogo SH. t-BOOH-induced oxidative damage in sickle red blood cells and the role of flavonoids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003;57:124–9.
Hu Q, Yu J, Yang W, Kimatu BM, Fang Y, Ma N, et al. Identification of flavonoids from Flammulina velutipes and its neuroprotective effect on pheochromocytoma-12 cells. Food Chem. 2016;204:274–82.
Gomes SMC, Ghica ME, Rodrigues IA, Gil Ede S, Oliveira-Brett AM. Flavonoids electrochemical detection in fruit extracts and total antioxidant capacity evaluation. Talanta. 2016;154:284–91.
Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Dobson VL. Quercetin and myricetin protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised pyrimidines) in human lymphocytes. Mutat Res. 1997;393:223–31.
Vitor RF, Mota-Filipe H, Teixeira G, Borges C, Rodrigues AI, Teixeira A, et al. Flavonoids of an extract of Pterospartum tridentatum showing endothelial protection against oxidative injury. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;93:363–70.
Shang Y, Qin B, Cheng J, Miao H. Prevention of oxidative injury by flavonoids from stems and leaves of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi in PC12 cells. Phytother Res. 2006;20:53–7.
Zhang Z, Gu S, Ding Y, Shen M, Jiang L. Mild and novel electrochemical preparation of β-cyclodextrin/graphene nanocomposite film for super-sensitive sensing of quercetin. Biosens Bioelectron. 2014;57:239–44.
Li J, Qu J, Yang R, Qu L, Harrington PB. A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on graphene quantum dot/gold nanoparticle nanocomposite modified electrode for the determination of quercetin in biological samples. Electroanalysis. 2016;28:1–10.
Atay S, Pişkin K, Yılmaz F, Çakır C, Yavuz H, Denizli A. Quartz crystal microbalance based biosensors for detecting highly metastatic breast cancer cells via their transferrin receptors. Anal Methods. 2016;8:153–61.
Fakhrullin RF, Vinter VG, Zamaleeva AI, Matveeva MV, Kourbanov RA, Temesgen BK, et al. Quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;388:367–75.
Lee M, Lee S, Yim C, Jeon S. Surface wetting of superhydrophobic aluminum oxide nanostructures investigated using the fiber-optic spectrometer and quartz crystal microbalance. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2015;220:799–804.
Dorvel BR, Keizer HM, Fine D, Vuorinen J, Dodabalapur A, Duran RS. Formation of tethered bilayer lipid membranes on gold surfaces: QCM-Z and AFM study. Langmuir. 2007;23:7344–55.
Sauerbrey G. Verwendung von schwingquarzen zur wägung dünner schichten und zur mikrowägung. Z Phys. 1959;155:206–22.
Latif U, Can S, Hayden O, Grillberger P, Dickert FL. Sauerbrey and anti-Sauerbrey behavioral studies in QCM sensors—detection of bioanalytes. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2013;176:825–30.
Kanazawa KK, Gordon JG. Frequency of a quartz microbalance in contact with liquid. Anal Chem. 1985;57:1770–1.
Martin SJ, Granstaff VE, Frye GC. Characterization of a quartz crystal microbalance with simultaneous mass and liquid loading. Anal Chem. 1991;63:2272–81.
Granstaff VE, Martin SJ. Characterization of a thickness–shear mode quartz resonator with multiple nonpiezoelectric layers. J Appl Phys. 1994;75:1319–29.
Wegener J, Janshoff A, Galla HJ. Cell adhesion monitoring using a quartz crystal microbalance: comparative analysis of different mammalian cell lines. Eur Biophys J. 1998;28:26–37.
Marx KA, Zhou T, Warren M, Braunhut SJ. Quartz crystal microbalance study of endothelial cell number dependent differences in initial adhesion and steady-state behavior: evidence for cell-cell cooperativity in initial adhesion and spreading. Biotechnol Prog. 2003;19:987–99.
Tan L, Xie Q, Jia X, Guo M, Zhang Y, Tang H, et al. Dynamic measurement of the surface stress induced by the attachment and growth of cells on Au electrode with a quartz crystal microbalance. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009;24:1603–9.
Tan L, Lin P, Pezeshkian B, Rehman A, Madlambayan G, Zeng X. Real-time monitoring of cell mechanical changes induced by endothelial cell activation and their subsequent binding with leukemic cell lines. Biosens Bioelectron. 2014;56:151–8.
Ishay RB, Kapp-Barnea Y, Grigoriantz I, Teblum E, Lellouche JP. Real time acoustic profiling of a live cancerous cell monolayer using QCM. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2015;215:373–81.
Nowacki L, Follet J, Vayssade M, Vigneron P, Rotellini L, Cambay F, et al. Real-time QCM-D monitoring of cancer cell death early events in a dynamic context. Biosens Bioelectron. 2015;64:469–76.
Tan L, Jia X, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Tang H, Yao S, et al. In vitro study on the individual and synergistic cytotoxicity of adriamycin and selenium nanoparticles against Bel7402 cells with a quartz crystal microbalance. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009;24:2268–72.
Kang HW, Muramatsu H, Lee BJ, Kwon YS. Monitoring of anticancer effect of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil on HepG2 cells by quartz crystal microbalance and micro CCD camera. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010;26:1576–81.
Zhou Y, Jia X, Tan L, Xie Q, Lei L, Yao S. Magnetically enhanced cytotoxicity of paramagnetic selenium-ferroferric oxide nanocomposites on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010;25:1116–21.
Redepenning J, Schlesinger TK, Mechalke EJ, Puleo DA, Bizios R. Osteoblast attachment monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance. Anal Chem. 1993;65:3378–81.
Calvo EJ, Danilowicz C, Etchenique R. Measurement of viscoelastic changes at electrodes modified with redox hydrogels with a quartz crystal device. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans. 1995;91:4083–91.
Xie Q, Wang J, Zhou A, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu Z, et al. A study of depletion layer effects on equivalent circuit parameters using an electrochemical quartz crystal impedance system. Anal Chem. 1999;71:4649–56.
Lin Z, Ward MD. The role of longitudinal waves in quartz crystal microbalance applications in liquids. Anal Chem. 1995;67:685–93.
Matsuda T, Kishida A, Ebato H, Okahata Y. Novel instrumentation monitoring in situ platelet adhesivity with a quartz crystal microbalance. ASAIO J. 1992;38:M171–3.
Giorgio M, Trinei M, Migliaccio E, Pelicci PG. Hydrogen peroxide: a metabolic by-product or a common mediator of ageing signals? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:722–8.
Roninson IB. Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment. Cancer Res. 2003;63:2705–15.
Geiser T, Ishigaki M, van Leer C, Matthay MA, Broaddus VC. H2O2 inhibits alveolar epithelial wound repair in vitro by induction of apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;287:L448–53.
Al-Majmaie R, Kennedy E, Al-Rubeai M, Rice JH, Zerulla D. AFM-based bivariate morphological discrimination of apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy using photosensitizer-functionalized gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2015;5:82983–91.
Xu GR, In MY, Yuan Y, Lee JJ, Kim S. In situ spectroelectrochemical study of quercetin oxidation and complexation with metal ions in acidic solutions. Bull Korean Chem Soc. 2007;28:889–92.
Acknowledgments
We are thankful for the financial support from the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (14A095) and the Open Sustentation Fund of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University (2014007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(PDF 293 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, J., Wang, W., Kong, L. et al. Real-time monitoring of oxidative injury of vascular endothelial cells and protective effect of quercetin using quartz crystal microbalance. Anal Bioanal Chem 408, 8415–8425 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9959-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9959-0