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Apusomonadida

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Handbook of the Protists

Abstract

Apusomonadida is a small group of free-living heterotrophic flagellates. Apusomonads are small (~5–20 μm long) gliding aerobes with two flagella. The dorsal cell membrane is underlain by a pellicle, which also supports a “skirt” of folded membrane that extends laterally/ventrally. The anterior flagellum is enclosed by a sleeve-like extension of the skirt system, forming a flexible proboscis. Apusomonas itself is a rounded cell with an anterior extension, the mastigophore, that contains the flagellar apparatus. All other apusomonads (usually now assigned to the genera Amastigomonas, Chelonemonas, Manchomonas, Multimonas, Podomonas, and Thecamonas) are elongated and plastic and may form ventral pseudopodia. Apusomonas is a soil flagellate. Most other apusomonads that have been cultured to date are marine. Apusomonads are closely related to opisthokonts (e.g., animals and fungi), making them an important group for examining, for example, the origins of multicellularity. The genome of Thecamonas trahens encodes several proteins and pathways previously considered specific to animals, including much of the integrin system, which functions in cell-cell communication and adhesion in metazoa. This chapter also briefly reviews breviates and ancyromonads, two groups of surface-associating flagellates that are (or may be) closely related to apusomonads and are of similar evolutionary significance. Breviates comprise three genera of small (~10–15 μm long) anaerobic cells that produce fine pseudopodia. Ancyromonads (synonym planomonads) comprise four genera of tiny (~5 μm long) flattened cells with an inflexible pellicle underlying most of the cell membrane and a battery of extrusomes in a lateral rostrum.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to WonJe Lee (Kyungnam University, South Korea) for discussion and scanning electron micrographs of Ancyromonas sigmoides, to Yana Eglit (Dalhousie University) for translations of the Russian literature and for providing light micrographs of Apusomonas proboscidea, to Courtney Stairs (Dalhousie University) and Giselle Walker (Charles University in Prague) for comments, and to Ping Li and Patricia Scallion (Dalhousie University) for assistance with electron microscopy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology and RGGS, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West & 79th St, 10024, New York, NY, USA

    Aaron A. Heiss

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 75 B.S. Hood Dr, 39762, Mississippi State, MS, USA

    Matthew W. Brown

  3. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., LSC Room: 5088, P.O. Box 15000, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Alastair G. B. Simpson

Authors
  1. Aaron A. Heiss
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  2. Matthew W. Brown
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  3. Alastair G. B. Simpson
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aaron A. Heiss , Matthew W. Brown or Alastair G. B. Simpson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Mole, Dalhousie University Department of Biochemistry and Mole, HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

  4. Ashland, Oregon, USA

    Lynn Margulis

  5. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln Biozentrum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Michael Melkonian

  6. Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, University of California Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    David J. Chapman

  7. Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    John O. Corliss

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Heiss, A.A., Brown, M.W., Simpson, A.G.B. (2016). Apusomonadida. In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_15-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_15-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

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