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Handbook of the Protists pp 1–42Cite as

Heterolobosea

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Abstract

Heterolobosea is a group of ~150 described species of heterotrophs, almost all free living. Many are “amoeboflagellates” with a three-phase asexual life cycle, centered on trophic amoebae that can reversibly transform into flagellates (some of which undertake phagocytosis and/or division) and cysts. The amoebae are usually lobose, with “eruptive” pseudopodia. Flagellates typically have two or four near-parallel flagella and, if phagocytic, a feeding groove and/or elongate cytostome. Some taxa have simpler lifecycles, for example, Vahlkampfia spp. apparently lack flagellates, while Percolomonas and Stephanopogon lack amoebae. Stephanopogon, uniquely, has numerous flagella in rows like the kineties of ciliates. Acrasids, meanwhile, are terrestrial “slime molds” in which amoebae aggregate to form stalked fruiting bodies. The mitochondria are often enveloped in endoplasmic reticulum and usually have discoidal cristae, while the Golgi apparatus lacks dictyosomal stacking. Most flagellates have a “doubled” flagellar apparatus with two sub-identical halves. The flagellar apparatus typically includes a large “R2” microtubular root (or two) and a striated rhizoplast. Most heteroloboseans are marine, freshwater, or terrestrial aerobes, but the group shows considerable ecological breadth, for example, Psalteriomonadidae and Creneis are anaerobes, three groups are (mostly) obligate halophiles, and many species are thermophiles. The best-known genus is Naegleria. Naegleria gruberi is a cell biology model (e.g., for flagellar apparatus development). Naegleria fowleri is a facultative human pathogen responsible for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). This infection is usually acquired from warm water via the nasal passages; it is extremely rare but almost always fatal.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research Science (CIPRES) Gateway v 3.3, where all phylogenetic analyses were conducted. We also thank Jong Soo Park (Kyungpook National University), Won Je Lee (Kyungnam University), Ivan Čepička (Charles University) Petr Táborský (Charles University), and Yana Eglit (Dalhousie University) for unpublished micrographs. AGBS gratefully acknowledges the support of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIfAR), program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity. TP thanks to the Czech Science Foundation project 13-24983S for support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic

    Tomáš Pánek

  2. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., LSC Room: 5088, P.O. Box 15000, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Alastair G. B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 75 B.S. Hood Dr, 39762, Starkville, MS, USA

    Matthew W. Brown

  4. Department of Biology, Wheaton College, 501, Norton, MA, 60187, USA

    Betsey Dexter Dyer

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Correspondence to Tomáš Pánek .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Mole, Dalhousie University Department of Biochemistry and Mole, HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

  4. Ashland, Oregon, USA

    Lynn Margulis

  5. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln Biozentrum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Michael Melkonian

  6. Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, University of California Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    David J. Chapman

  7. Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    John O. Corliss

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Pánek, T., Simpson, A.G.B., Brown, M.W., Dexter Dyer, B. (2016). Heterolobosea. In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_10-1

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