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Depression is a multifaceted condition involving feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and weight, sleep disturbance, alterations in physical functioning, reductions in energy, negative thoughts about oneself, difficulties with concentrating or making decisions, and suicidal ideation (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff 1977) is among the most commonly used self-report measures of depression symptoms (Fountoulakis et al. 2007). The CES-D includes 20 items rated on a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (rarely or none of the time [less than 1 day]) to 3 (most or all of the time [5–7 days]) and can be administered in digital or paper format. Several alternate versions of the CES-D have been developed for briefer administration or use with special populations. Translated versions of the CES-D are available in several non-English languages.
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References
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Teale Sapach, M.J.N., Hahn, I., Carleton, R.N. (2017). Center for Epidemiologic Studies: Depression Scale. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_14-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_14-1
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