Abstract
Methods of determining porosity of solid materials are described. Since the spectrum of pore size spreads from sub-nanometers to millimeters, appropriate methods should be adopted to adequately determine the volume and size of the pores contained in the solid materials. Representative methods including liquid intrusion and gas adsorption are concisely explained assuming the samples are obtained via sol–gel routes. Recent direct method of determining the three-dimensional configurations of pores and solid parts will also be introduced.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol–gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol–gel processing. San Diego: Academic; 1990.
Brinker CJ, Roth EP, Tallant DR, Scherer GW. In: Hench LL, Ulrich DR, (eds) Science of ceramic chemical processing. New York: Relationships Between Sol to Gel to Glass Conversions: Structure of Gels During Densification. Wiley; 1986. p. 37–51.
Brunauer S, Deming LS, Deming WS, Teller EJ. On a Theory of the van der Waals Adsorption of Gases. Am Chem Soc. 1940;62:1723.
Gregg SJ, Sing KSW. Adsorption, surface area and porosity. 2nd ed. London: Acadmic; 1982.
Jinnai H, Nishikawa Y, Spontak RJ, Smith SD, Agard DA, Hashimoto T. Direct measurement of interfacial curvature distributions in a bicontinuous block copolymer morphology. Phys Rev Lett. 2000;84:518–521.
Jinnai H, Nakanishi K, Nishikawa Y, Yamanaka J, Hashimoto T. Three-dimensional structure of a sintered macroporous silica gel. Langmuir. 2001;17:619–25.
Koster AJ, Ziese U, Verkleij AJ, Janssen AH, de Jong KP. Three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy: a novel imaging and characterization technique with nanometer scale resolution for materials science. J Phys Chem B. 2000;94:9368.
Lippens BC, Linsen BG, de Boer JH. Studies on pore systems in catalysts I. The adsorption of nitrogen; apparatus and calculation. J Catal. 1964;3:32.
Midgley PA, Weyland M. 3D electron microscopy in the physical sciences: the development of Z-contrast and EFTEM tomography. Ultramicroscopy. 2003;96:413.
Rouquerol F, Rouquerol J, Sing KSW, editors. Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. London: Academic; 1999.
Unger K, Fischer H. In: Modry S, Svata M, editors. Proceedings of RILEM/IUPAC international symposium on pore structure and properties of materials, D-127, vol. 5. Prague: Academia; 1974.
Washburn EW. Note on a method of determining the distribution of pore sizes in a porous material. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1921;7:115–116.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Nakanishi, K. (2016). Porosity Measurement. In: Klein, L., Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A. (eds) Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_38-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_38-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics