Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modified Pechini Synthesis of Oxide Powders and Thin Films

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

Abstract

The modified Pechini method has become one of the most popular synthesis methods for complex oxide materials due to its simplicity and versatility. The method can be applied to synthesize nanocrystalline powders, bulk materials, as well as oxide thin films. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the method with focus on the chemistry through the three stages of the process: preparation of stable aqueous solution, polyesterification to form a solid polymeric resin, and finally decomposition/combustion of the resin to form an amorphous oxide followed by crystallization of the desired oxide phase. The review include several examples of important technical oxide materials where the method has been successfully been applied to prepare oxide powders and bulk or thin films.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas HA, Youssef AM, Hammad FF, Hassan AMA, Hanafi ZM. Electrical properties of nano-sized indium tin oxide (ITO) doped with CuO, Cr2O3 and ZrO2. J Nanopart Res. 2014;16:2518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arima M, Kakihana M, Nakamura Y, Yashima M, Yoshimura M. Polymerized complex route to barium titanate powders using barium-titanium mixed-metal citric acid complex. J Am Ceram Soc. 1996;79:2847–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann FS, Fleig J, Habermeier HU, Maier J. Impedance spectroscopic study on well-defined (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O3-δ model electrodes. Solid State Ion. 2006;177:1071–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bednorz JG, Müller KA. Possible high Tc superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system. Z Phys B: Condens Matter. 1986;64:189–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi MIB, et al. Influence of the concentration of Sb2O3 and the viscosity of the precursor solution on the electrical and optical properties of SnO2 thin films produced by the Pechini method. Thin Solid Films. 2002;405:228–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce PG, Scrosati B, Tarascon JM. Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47:2930–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brylewski T, Przybylski K. Physicochemical properties of high-TC (Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors prepared by sol–gel technique. Appl Supercond. 1993;1:737–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bubendorfer AJ, Kemmitt T, Campbell LJ, Long NJ. Formation of epitaxial YBCO thin films by ex-situ processing of a polymerized complex. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2003;13:2739–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cava RJ, et al. Bulk superconductivity at 91 K in single-phase oxygen-deficient perovskite Ba2YCu3O9-δ. Phys Rev Lett. 1987;58:1676–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chae KW, Park TR, Cheon CI, Cho NI, Kim JS. Transparent and highly luminescent Eu-oxide thin film phosphors on sapphire substrates. Electron Mater Lett. 2013;9:59–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang C, Shei CY, Wu SF, Huang YT. Preparation of high-purity Tl-based “1223” superconductor phase by modified Pechini process in water solution. Appl Phys Lett. 1991;58:2435–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chick LA, et al. Glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis of oxide ceramic powders. Mater Lett. 1990;10:6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho SG, Johnson PF, Condrate Sr RA. Thermal decomposition of (Sr, Ti) organic precursors during the Pechini process. J Mater Sci. 1990;25:4738–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choe JY, et al. Alkoxy sol–gel derived Y3-xAl5O12:Tbx thin films as efficient cathodoluminescent phosphors. Appl Phys Lett. 2001;78:3800–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choppali U, Gorman BP. Preferentially oriented ZnO thin films on basal plane sapphire substrates derived from polymeric precursors. Mater Chem Phys. 2008;112:916–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu C-T, Dunn B. Preparation of high-Tc superconducting oxides by the amorphous citrate process. J Am Ceram Soc. 1987;70:c375–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Courty P, Ajot H, Marcilly C, Delmon B. Oxydes mixtes ou en solution solide sous forme très divisée obtenus par décomposition thermique de précurseurs amorphes. Powder Technol. 1973;7:21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui W, et al. YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films by citrate-based non-fluorine precursor. J Supercond Nov Magn. 2009;22:811–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Conceição L, Silva CRB, Ribeiro NFP, Souza MMVM. Influence of the synthesis method on the porosity, microstructure and electrical properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 cathode materials. Mater Charact. 2009;60:1417–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Conceição L, Ribeiro NFP, Souza MMVM. Synthesis of La1-xSrxMnO3 powders by polymerizable complex method: evaluation of structural, morphological and electrical properties. Ceram Int. 2011;37:2229–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding X, Liu Y, Gao L, Guo L. Synthesis and characterization of doped LaCrO3 perovskite prepared by EDTA-citrate complexing method. J Alloys Compd. 2008;458:346–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dominko R, et al. Impact of the carbon coating thickness on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites. J Electrochem Soc. 2005;152:A607–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dominko R, Conte DE, Hanzel D, Gaberscek M, Jamnik J. Impact of synthesis conditions on the structure and performance of Li2FeSiO4. J Power Sources. 2008;178:842–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan H, Abu-Lebdeh Y, Davidson IJ. Study of the cathode-electrolyte interface of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 synthesized by a sol–gel method for Li-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2010;157:A528–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan B, Liu X. A-deficit LSCF for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ion. 2009;180:973–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farbun IA, Romanova IV, Kirillov SA. Optimal design of powdered nanosized oxides of high surface area and porosity using a citric acid aided route, with special reference to ZnO. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol. 2013;68:411–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine ML, Laberty-Robert C, Barnabé A, Ansart F, Tailhades P. Synthesis of La2-xNiO4+δ oxides by polymeric route: non-stoichoimetry control. Ceram Int. 2004;30:2087–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gai S, Li C, Yang P, Lin J. Recent progress in rare earth micro/nanocrystals: soft chemical synthesis, luminescent properties, and biomedical applications. Chem Rev. 2014;114:2343–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garskaite E, Lindgren M, Einarsrud MA, Grande T. Luminescent properties of rare earth (Er, Yb) doped yttrium aluminium garnet thin films and bulk samples synthesised by an aqueous sol–gel technique. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2010;30:1707–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudon M, Laberty-Robert C, Ansart F, Stevens P, Rousset A. Preparation and characterization of La1-xSrxMnO3+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) powder by sol–gel processing. Solid State Sci. 2002;4:125–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehman BL, et al. Influence of manufacturing process of indium tin oxide sputtering targets on sputtering behavior. Thin Solid Films. 1992;220:333–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Dasgupta S, Sen A, Maiti HS. Low-temperature synthesis of nanosized bismuth ferrite by soft chemical route. J Am Ceram Soc. 2005a;88:1349–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Dasgupta S, Sen A, Maiti HS. Low temperature synthesis of bismuth ferrite nanoparticles by a ferrioxalate precursor method. Mater Res Bull. 2005b;40:2073–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginley DS, Perkins JD. Transparent conductors. In: Ginley DS, Hosono H, Paine DC, editors. Handbook of transparent conductors. New York: Springer US; 2011. p. 1–25.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough JB, Kim Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem Mater. 2010;22:587–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gülgün MA, Nguyen MH, Kriven WM. Polymerized organic–inorganic synthesis of mixed oxides. J Am Ceram Soc. 1999;82:556–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RK, Whang CM. Effects of anion and synthesis route on the structure of (La0.9Sr0.1)(Cr0.85Fe0.05Co0.05Ni0.05)O3-δ perovskite and removal of impurity phases. Solid State Ion. 2007;178:1617–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han YS, Kim HG. Synthesis of LiMn2O4 by modified Pechini method and characterization as a cathode for rechargeable Li/LiMn2O4 cells. J Power Sources. 2000;88:161–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy A, et al. Gel structure, gel decomposition and phase formation mechanisms in the aqueous solution-gel route to lanthanum substituted bismuth titanate. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol. 2005;33:283–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy A, et al. Effects of precursor chemistry and thermal treatment conditions on obtaining phase pure bismuth ferrite from aqueous gel precursors. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2009;29:3007–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang X, Han S, Huang W, Liu X. Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters. Chem Soc Rev. 2013;42:173–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iguchi T, Araki T, Yamada Y, Hirabayashi I, Ikuta H. Fabrication of Gd-Ba-Cu-O films by the metal-organic deposition method using trifluoroacetates. Supercond Sci Technol. 2002;15:1415–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang SP. Development of lanthanum strontium manganite perovskite cathode materials of solid oxide fuel cells: a review. J Mater Sci. 2008;43:6799–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang QH, Nan CW, Shen ZJ. Synthesis and properties of multiferroic La-modified BiFeO3 ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc. 2006;89:2123–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M. Invited review “sol–gel” preparation of high temperature superconducting oxides. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol. 1996;6:7–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M, Yoshimura M. Synthesis and characteristics of complex multicomponent oxides prepared by polymer complex method. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 1999;72:1427–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M, Börjesson L, Eriksson S, Svedlindh P, Norling P. Synthesis of highly pure YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductors using a colloidal processing technique. Phys C. 1989;162–164:931–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M, Börjesson L, Eriksson S, Svedlindh P. Fabrication and characterization of highly pure and homogeneous YBa2Cu3O7 superconductors from sol–gel derived powders. J Appl Phys. 1991;69:867–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M, et al. Polymerized complex route to synthesis of pure Y2Ti2O7 at 750°C using yttrium-titanium mixed-metal citric acid complex. J Am Ceram Soc. 1996;79:1673–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakihana M, Arima M, Yoshimura M, Ikeda N, Sugitani Y. Synthesis of high surface area LaMnO3+d by a polymerizable complex method. J Alloys Compd. 1999;283:102–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamat RV, Vittal Rao TV, Pillai KT, Vaidya VN, Sood DD. Preparation of high grade YBCO powders and pellets through the glycerol route. Phys C. 1991;181:245–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang S, et al. High-performance high-Tc superconducting wires. Science. 2006;311:1911–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karen P, Kjekshus A. Citrate-gel syntheses in the Y(O)-Ba(O)-Cu(O) system. J Am Ceram Soc. 1994;77:547–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BC, Kim SM, Lee JH, Kim JJ. Effect of phase transformation on the densification of coprecipitated nanocrystalline indium tin oxide powders. J Am Ceram Soc. 2002;85:2083–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JK, Kim SS, Kim WJ. Sol–gel synthesis and properties of multiferroic BiFeO3. Mater Lett. 2005;59:4006–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SM, et al. Preparation and sintering of nanocrystalline ITO powders with different SnO2 content. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2006;26:73–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kodaira CA, Brito HF, Felinto MCFC. Luminescence investigation of Eu3+ ion in the RE2(WO4)3 matrix (RE = La and Gd) produced using the Pechini method. J Solid State Chem. 2003;171:401–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu S, Biswas PK. Synthesis of nanostructured sol–gel ITO films at different temperatures and study of their absorption and photoluminescence properties. Opt Mater. 2008;31:429–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunduraci M, Amatucci GG. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured 4.7 V LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinels for high-power lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2006;153:A1345–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunduraci M, Amatucci GG. The effect of particle size and morphology on the rate capability of 4.7 V LiMn1.5+δNi0.5-δO4 spinel lithium-ion battery cathodes. Electrochim Acta. 2008;53:4193–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larbalestier D, Gurevich A, Feldmann DM, Polyanskii A. High-Tc superconducting materials for electric power applications. Nature. 2001;414:368–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HK, Kim D, Suck SI. Superconducting transition and Raman spectrum of Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x prepared by polymeric precursor synthesis. J Appl Phys. 1989;65:2563–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legnani C, et al. Indium tin oxide films prepared via wet chemical route. Thin Solid Films. 2007;516:193–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard NM, Wieland LC, Mohan RS. Applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron. 2002;58:8373–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li DC, Muta T, Zhang LQ, Yoshio M, Noguchi H. Effect of synthesis method on the electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2. J Power Sources. 2004;132:150–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, et al. Synthesis and luminescent properties of high brightness MLa(WO4)2:Eu3+ (M = Li, Na, K) and NaRE(WO4)2:Eu3+ (RE = Gd, Y, Lu) red phosphors. J Lumin. 2013;143:14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima SAM, Cremona M, Davolos MR, Legnani C, Quirino WG. Electroluminescence of zinc oxide thin-films prepared via polymeric precursor and via sol–gel methods. Thin Solid Films. 2007;516:165–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Yu M, Lin C, Liu X. Multiform oxide optical materials via the versatile pechini-type sol–gel process: synthesis and characteristics. J Phys Chem C. 2007;111:5835–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YH, Nelson J, Goldman AM. Superconductivity of very thin films: the superconductor-insulator transition. Phys C. 2015;514:130–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu RS, Wang WN, Chang CT, Wu PT. Synthesis and characterization of high-Tc superconducting oxides by the modified citrate gel process. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1989;28:L2155–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Farrington GC, Chaput F, Dunn B. Synthesis and electrochemical studies of spinel phase LiMn2O4 cathode materials prepared by the Pechini process. J Electrochem Soc. 1996;143:879–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Lin C, Lin J. White light emission from Eu3+ in CaIn2O4 host lattices. Appl Phys Lett. 2007;90:81904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu T, Xu Y, Zhao J. Low-temperature synthesis of BiFeO3 via PVA sol–gel route. J Am Ceram Soc. 2010;93:3637–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Huang T, Yu A. Fe doped Li1.2Mn0.6-x/2Ni0.2-x/2FexO2 (x ≤ 0.1) as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2014;133:555–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lü Y, et al. Color-tunable luminescence of YNbO4:Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Dy3+ and/or Eu3+) nanocrystalline phosphors prepared by a sol–gel process. Eur J Inorg Chem. 2015;2015:5262–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magnone E, Traversa E, Miyayama M. Synthesis and thermal analysis of the strontium and iron-doped lanthanum cobaltite nano-powder precursors. J Ceram Soc Jpn. 2007;115:402–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcilly C, Delmon B, Sugier A. New process for obtaining finely divided homogeneous oxides of many elements. In: Editor^Editors. French Patent, P.V. 110,438 applied June 14, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcilly C, Courty P, Delmon B. Preparation of highly dispersed mixed oxides and oxide solid solutions by pyrolysis of amorphous organic precursors. J Am Ceram Soc. 1970;53:56–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Rubio MI, Ireland TG, Fern GR, Silver J, Snowden MJ. A new application microgels: novel method for the synthesis of spherical particles of the Y2O3:Eu phosphor using a copolymer microgel of NIPAM and acrylic acid. Langmuir. 2001;17:7145–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazaki H, Kakihana M, Yasuoka H. Synthesis of YBa2Cu4Oy from citrate sol–gel precursors. J Jpn Soc Powder Metall. 1991;38:211–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mei T, Zhu Y, Tang K, Qian Y. Synchronously synthesized core-shell LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/carbon nanocomposites as cathode materials for high performance lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2012;2:12886–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizushima K, Jones PC, Wiseman PJ, Goodenough JB. LixCoO2 (0 < x < −1): a new cathode material for batteries of high energy density. Mater Res Bull. 1980;15:783–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moskon J, Dominko R, Cerc-Korosec R, Gaberscek M, Jamnik J. Morphology and electrical properties of conductive carbon coatings for cathode materials. J Power Sources. 2007;174:683–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadaud N, Nanot M, Boch P. Sintering and electrical properties of titania- and zirconia-containing In2O3-SnO2 (ITO) ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc. 1994;77:843–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niou CS, Ma YT, Li WP, Javadpour J, Murr LE. Preparation of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x powders by a solution technique. J Mater Sci-Mater Electron. 1992;3:181–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nityanand C, Nalin WB, Rajkumar BS, Chandra CM. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of nanocrystalline cobalt doped lanthanum strontium ferrite. Solid State Sci. 2011;13:1022–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton DP. Epitaxial growth of superconducting cuprate thin films. In: N. Khare, editors. Handbook of high-temperature superconductor. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nytén A, Abouimrane A, Armand M, Gustafsson T, Thomas JO. Electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 as a new Li-battery cathode material. Electrochem Commun. 2005;7:156–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obradors X, et al. Chemical solution deposition: a path towards low cost coated conductors. Supercond Sci Technol. 2004;17:1055–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obradors X, et al. Progress towards all-chemical superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-coated conductors. Supercond Sci Technol. 2006;19:S13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padhi AK, Nanjundaswamy KS, Goodenough JB. Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 1997;144:1188–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pang ML, et al. Patterning and luminescent properties of nanocrystalline Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphor films by sol–gel soft lithography. J Mater Sci-Mater Electron. 2003;100:124–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park TJ, Papaefthymiou GC, Viescas AJ, Moodenbaugh AR, Wong SS. Size-dependent magnetic properties of single-crystalline multiferroic BiFeO3 nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 2007;7:766–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak LC, Mishra SK. A review on the synthesis of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide powder. Supercond Sci Technol. 2005;18:R67–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patra H, Rout SK, Pratihar SK, Bhattacharya S. Effect of process parameters on combined EDTA-citrate synthesis of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ perovskite. Powder Technol. 2011;209:98–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pechini MP. Method of preparing lead and alkaline earth titanates and niobates and coating method using the same to form a capacitor. In: Editor^Editors. US Patent 3:330,697 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popa M, Crespo D, Calderon-Moreno JM, Preda S, Fruth V. Synthesis and structural characterization of single-phase BiFeO3 powders from a polymeric precursor. J Am Ceram Soc. 2007;90:2723–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Predoana L, Jitianu A, Voicescu M, Apostol NG, Zaharescu M. Study of formation of LiCoO2 using a modified Pechini aqueous sol–gel process. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol. 2015;74:406–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psuja P, Hreniak D, Strek W. Fabrication, properties and possible applications of pure and Eu3+ doped SnO2 and In2O3/SnO2 (ITO) nanocrystallites. In: Proceedings of 2007 International Students and Young Scientists Workshop “Photonics and Microsystems”, STYSW 2007; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson JM, Van Tol MW. Epitaxially grown monocrystalline garnet cathode-ray tube phosphor screens. Appl Phys Lett. 1980;37:471–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha RA, Muccillo ENS. Synthesis and thermal decomposition of a polymeric precursor of the La2Mo2O9 compound. Chem Mater. 2003;15:4268–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rørvik PM, Tadanaga K, Tatsumisago M, Grande T, Einarsrud MA. Template-assisted synthesis of PbTiO3 nanotubes. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2009;29:2575–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossen E, Reimers JN, Dahn JR. Synthesis and electrochemistry of spinel LT-LiCoO2. Solid State Ion. 1993;62:53–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rupich MW, Verebelyi DT, Zhang W, Kodenkandath T, Li X. Metalorganic deposition of YBCO films for second-generation high-temperature superconductor wires. MRS Bull. 2004;29:572–8. +539-541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanjines R, Ravindranathan Thampi K, Kiwi J. Preparation of monodispersed Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor particles via sol–gel methods. J Am Ceram Soc. 1988;71:512–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm B, Wollmann P, Fritsch J, Grothe J, Kaskel S. Nanoimprint patterning of thin cadmium stannate films using a polymeric precursor route. J Mater Chem. 2011;21:10697–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz RW, Schneller T, Waser R. Chemical solution deposition of electronic oxide films. C R Chim. 2004;7:433–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selbach SM, Einarsrud MA, Tybell T, Grande T. Synthesis of BiFeO3 by wet chemical methods. J Am Ceram Soc. 2007;90:3430–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selbach SM, Einarsrud MA, Grande T. On the thermodynamic stability of BiFeO3. Chem Mater. 2009;21:169–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serra OA, Cicillini SA, Ishiki RR. A new procedure to obtain Eu3+ doped oxide and oxosalt phosphors. J Alloys Compd. 2000;303–304:316–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shang M, et al. Blue emitting Ca8La2(PO4)6O2:Ce3+/Eu2+ phosphors with high color purity and brightness for white LED: soft-chemical synthesis, luminescence, and energy transfer properties. J Phys Chem C. 2012;116:10222–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao J, Tao Y, Wang J, Xu C, Wang WG. Investigation of precursors in the preparation of nanostructured La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ via a modified combined complexing method. J Alloys Compd. 2009;484:263–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shetty S, Palkar VR, Pinto R. Size effect study in magnetoelectric BiFeO3 system. Pranama J Phys. 2002;58:1027–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi D, et al. The development of YBa2Cu3Ox thin films using a fluorine-free sol–gel approach for coated conductors. Supercond Sci Technol. 2004;17:1420–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiomi Y, Asaka T, Tachikawa K. Superconducting properties and structures of high-Tc oxides prepared by a citric acid salt process. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 1993;3:1170–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shur MS, Žukauskas A. Solid-state lighting: toward superior illumination. Proc IEEE. 2005;93:1691–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sladkevich S, et al. Antimony doped tin oxide coating of muscovite clays by the Pechini route. Thin Solid Films. 2011;520:152–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sletnes M, Skjærvø SL, Lindgren M, Grande T, Einarsrud MA. Luminescent Eu3+-doped NaLa(WO4)(MoO4) and Ba2CaMoO6 prepared by the modified Pechini method. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol. 2016;77:136–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smet PF, Parmentier AB, Poelman D. Selecting conversion phosphors for white light-emitting diodes. J Electrochem Soc. 2011;158:R37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stöber W, Fink A, Bohn E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1968;26:62–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunde TOL, et al. Transparent and conducting ITO thin films by spin coating of an aqueous precursor solution. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:15740–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunde TOL, Einarsrud MA, Grande T. Solid state sintering of nano-crystalline indium tin oxide. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2013;33:565–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunde TOL, Einarsrud MA, Grande T. Optimisation of chemical solution deposition of indium tin oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films. 2014;573:48–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tai LW, Lessing PA. Modified resin – intermediate processing of perovskite powders: Part I. Optimization of polymeric precursors. J Mater Res. 1992a;7:502–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tai LW, Lessing PA. Modified resin – intermediate processing of perovskite powders: Part II. Processing for fine, nonagglomerated Sr-doped lanthanum chromite powders. J Mater Res. 1992b;7:511–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao S, Irvine JTS. Synthesis and characterization of (La0.75Sr0.25)Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-δ, a redox-stable, efficient perovskite anode for SOFCs. J Electrochem Soc. 2004;151:A252–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarascon JM, Wang E, Shokoohi FK, McKinnon WR, Colson S. Spinel phase of LiMn2O4 as a cathode in secondary lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc. 1991;138:2859–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The IUPAC Stability Constants Database, Academic Software. http://www.acadsoft.co.uk/

  • Thuy TT, et al. Sol–gel chemistry of an aqueous precursor solution for YBCO thin films. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol. 2009;52:124–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Biest O, et al. Ceramic superconductors synthesized by sol–gel methods. Phys C. 1991;190:119–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vojnovich T, Bratton RJ. Impurity effects on sintering and electrical resistivity of indium oxide. Am Ceram Soc Bull. 1975;54:216–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, et al. Epitaxial BiFeO3 multiferroic thin film heterostructures. Science. 2003;299:1719–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Lin CK, Liu XM, Lin J, Yu M. Monodisperse spherical core-shell-structured phosphors obtained by functionalization of silica spheres with Y2O3:Eu3+ layers for field emission displays. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;87:1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang WT, et al. Chemical solution deposition of YBCO thin film by different polymer additives. Phys C. 2008a;468:1563–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, et al. NaEu0.96Sm0.04(MoO4)2 as a promising red-emitting phosphor for LED solid-state lighting prepared by the Pechini process. J Lumin. 2008b;128:147–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Xu X, Li X, Zhang J, Li C. Synthesis and sintering of indium tin oxide nanoparticles by citrate-nitrate combustion method. Rare Met. 2010;29:355–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu MK, et al. Superconductivity at 93 K in a new mixed-phase Y-Ba-Cu-O compound system at ambient pressure. Phys Rev Lett. 1987;58:908–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia H, Wang H, Xiao W, Lu L, Lai MO. Properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material synthesized by a modified Pechini method for high-power lithium-ion batteries. J Alloys Compd. 2009;480:696–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong L, Xu Y, Tao T, Goodenough JB. Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of multi-cations doped spinel LiMn2O4 used for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2012;199:214–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YM, et al. Characterization of YBa2Cu3O7-x bulk samples prepared by citrate synthesis and solid-state reaction. J Appl Phys. 1989;66:312–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye S, Li Y, Yu D, Yang Z, Zhang Q. Structural effects on Stokes and anti-Stokes luminescence of double-perovskite (Ba, Sr)2CaMoO6: Yb3+, Eu3+. J Appl Phys. 2011;110:013517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu M, Lin J, Wang SB. Effects of x and R3+ on the luminescent properties of Eu3+ in nanocrystalline YVxP1-xO4:Eu3+ and RVO4:Eu3+ thin-film phosphors. Appl Phys Mater Sci Process. 2005;80:353–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zalga A, Moravec Z, Pinkas J, Kareiva A. On the sol–gel preparation of different tungstates and molybdates. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;105:3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Fu X, Niu S, Xin Q. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Eu-doped AZrO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) perovskite. J Alloys Compd. 2008;459:103–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, et al. Li3V2(PO4)3@C/graphene composite with improved cycling performance as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2013;91:108–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Sun G, Wu R. Synthesis of nanosized Fe-Mn based Li-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion battery via a simple method. Electrochim Acta. 2013;96:291–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu WZ, Deevi SC. Development of interconnect materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Mater Sci Eng A. 2003;348:227–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sustainable Energy Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Forskningsveien 1, 0373, Oslo, Norway

    Tor Olav Løveng Sunde

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Tor Grande & Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Authors
  1. Tor Olav Løveng Sunde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tor Grande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mari-Ann Einarsrud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tor Olav Løveng Sunde .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA

    Lisa Klein

  2. Madrid, Spain

    Mario Aparicio

  3. City University of New York, New York, USA

    Andrei Jitianu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Sunde, T.O.L., Grande, T., Einarsrud, MA. (2016). Modified Pechini Synthesis of Oxide Powders and Thin Films. In: Klein, L., Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A. (eds) Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_130-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_130-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation