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Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Characterisation, Design and Performance Assessment

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Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols

Part of the book series: Springer Protocols Handbooks ((SPH))

Abstract

Bioremediation is an accepted and widely implemented technology for the management of groundwater contaminated by hydrocarbon and chlorinated solvent compounds. This chapter reviews the general application of bioremediation processes within a cost–benefit and risk assessment framework, which considers different contaminant types and their properties, release contexts, and the strengths and limitations of available approaches. The pathways, reaction mechanisms and microorganisms responsible for biodegradation of hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents under aerobic and different anaerobic conditions in groundwater are illustrated. The technical framework and methodology which underpins the characterisation of biodegradation processes for these organic compounds in groundwater is described, including relevant data reduction and interpretation techniques used for the performance assessment of intrinsic and engineered in situ bioremediation. This emphasises the integration of hydrochemical, stable isotope and molecular microbiological analysis with other data in site assessments for in situ bioremediation. Engineering scale-up of bioremediation in groundwater requires knowledge of scale-dependent processes which affect the implementation and performance assessment of this technology. Various methods are described to evaluate these. Comprehensive site investigation is necessary to design in situ bioremediation schemes, with focus on clear definition of the contaminant source and detailed subsurface characterisation of the aquifer geological, hydrogeological and geochemical properties which control groundwater flow and in situ biodegradation potential. This information is needed to develop conceptual site models supporting bioremediation implementation. Enhancement of bioremediation performance using methods based on bioaugmentation and biostimulation, and limitations related to contaminant bioavailability, are critically reviewed. Different design concepts can be devised to enhance and optimise treatment efficiency of engineered in situ bioremediation, by controlling the groundwater flow regime and amendment delivery. The monitoring requirements for process operation and verification are also discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, Dept of Civil & Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK

    S. F. Thornton

  2. Sirius Geotechnical & Environmental Ltd, 4245 Park Approach, Thorpe Park, Leeds, LS15 8GB, UK

    P. Morgan

  3. Dept Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

    S. A. Rolfe

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  1. S. F. Thornton
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  2. P. Morgan
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  3. S. A. Rolfe
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Correspondence to S. F. Thornton .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom

    Terry J. McGenity

  2. Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Kenneth N. Timmis

  3. Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands and Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Balbina Nogales

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Thornton, S.F., Morgan, P., Rolfe, S.A. (2016). Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Characterisation, Design and Performance Assessment. In: McGenity, T., Timmis, K., Nogales, B. (eds) Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8623_2016_207

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