Abstract
Since the early 1990s, interest into the biological interaction of nanosized particles of various compositions has increased. Following the initial findings that nanoscaled particles can elicit an adverse biological response when compared to their larger (micron-scale) material counterparts, interest into how nanosized materials may elicit potentially adverse effects upon any biological system has been intensively investigated. Over the past 20 years, hundreds to thousands of research studies have been published highlighting the biological effects and interaction of the plethora of nanoparticles (NPs) that are being either accidentally or intentionally (engineered) produced. While a definitive knowledge of many aspects is required prior to investigating the biological interaction of NPs, such as the relevant exposure route to the biological system, the specific characteristics of the NPs being studied, and the realistic dose (concentration) that would interact with the biological system, understanding how the NPs affect the biological system is not based upon any defined theory. In fact, there is no specific understanding as to why particles show different effects when occurring within a certain nanosize range compared to their larger counterpart (micron size range). Despite this, certain paradigms and theories have been proposed and are studied, such as the fiber paradigm and theory of genotoxicity, in order to try and understand such nanoscale effects. The most studied and widely accepted paradigm, however, is the oxidative stress paradigm. This chapter will provide an insight into this paradigm, how it is perceived, how it is studied, why investigating this paradigm in vitro is advantageous, and how the findings associated with this paradigm can provide an insight into the (potentially adverse) biological interaction of nanoscale objects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823–839
Müller L, Gasser M, O’Raemy D, Herzog F, Brandenberger C, Schmid O, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Clift MJD (2011) Realistic exposure methods for investigating the interaction of nanoparticles with the lung at the air-liquid interface in vitro. InSci J (Nanotech) 1:30–64
Maynard AD (2007) Nanotechnology: the next big thing, or much ado about nothing? Ann Occup Hyg 51:1–12
Clift MJ, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B (2011) Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternative. Arch Toxicol 85:723–731
Maynard AD, Aitken RJ, Butz T, Colvin V, Donaldson K, Oberdorster G, Philbert MA, Ryan J, Seaton A, Stone V, Tinkle SS, Tran L, Walker NJ, Warheit DB (2006) Safe handling of nanotechnology. Nature 444:267–269
Timbrell J (1999) Principles of biochemical toxicology, 3rd edn. CRC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Donaldson K, Stone V, Tran CL, Kreyling W, Borm PJ (2004) Nanotoxicology. Occup Environ Med 61:727–728
Ferin J, Oberdorster G, Penney DP (1992) Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 6:535–542
Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Morrow PE (1992) Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM): a possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance. Exp Lung Res 18:87–104
Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Samoli E, Gryparis A, Touloumi G, Peacock J, Anderson RH, Le Tertre A, Bobros J, Celko M, Goren A, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Rabczenko D, Hoyos SP, Wichmann HE, Katsouyanni K (2003) The temporal pattern of respiratory and heart disease mortality in response to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 111:1188–1193
Schwartz J (2004) The effects of particulate air pollution on daily deaths: a multi-city case crossover analysis. Occup Environ Med 61:956–961
Medina S, Plasencia A, Ballester F, Mucke HG, Schwartz J (2004) Apheis: public health impact of PM10 in 19 European cities. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:831–836
Dockery DW, Pope CA 3rd, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG Jr, Speizer FE (1993) An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 329:1753–1759
Donaldson K, Stone V, Clouter A, Renwick L, MacNee W (2001) Ultrafine particles. Occup Environ Med 58:211–216
Wilson MR, Lightbody JH, Donaldson K, Sales J, Stone V (2002) Interactions between ultrafine particles and transition metals in vivo and in vitro. Tox Appl Pharm 184:172–179
Donaldson K, Stone V, Borm PJ, Jimenez LA, Gilmour PS, Schins RP, Knaapen AM, Rahman I, Faux SP, Brown DM, MacNee W (2003) Oxidative stress and calcium signaling in the adverse effects of environmental particles (PM10). Free Radic Biol Med 34:1369–1382
Seaton A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Godden D (1995) Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345:176–178
Peters A, Wichmann HE, Tuch T, Heinrich J, Heyder J (1997) Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultrafine particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1376–1383
Wichmann HE, Spix C, Tuch T, Wolke G, Peters A, Heinrich J, Kreyling WG, Heyder J (2000) Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany part I: role of particle number and particle mass. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 98:5–86, discussion 87–94
Schulz H, Harder V, Ibald-Mulli A, Khandoga A, Koenig W, Krombach F, Radykewicz R, Stampfl A, Thorand B, Peters A (2005) Cardiovascular effects of fine and ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med 18:1–22
Li XY, Gilmour PS, Donaldson K, MacNee W (1997) In vivo and in vitro proinflammatory effects of particulate air pollution (PM10). Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 5):1279–1283
Li XY, Brown D, Smith S, MacNee W, Donaldson K (1999) Short-term inflammatory responses following intratracheal instillation of fine and ultrafine carbon black in rats. Inhal Toxicol 11:709–731
Brown DM, Wilson MR, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K (2001) Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 175:191–199
Duffin RTC, Clouter A, Brown DM, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K (2001) The importance of surface area and specific reactivity in the acute pulmonary inflammatory response to particles. Ann Occup Hyg 4:242–245
Duffin R, Tran L, Brown D, Stone V, Donaldson K (2007) Proinflammogenic effects of low-toxicity and metal nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro: highlighting the role of particle surface area and surface reactivity. Inhal Toxicol 19:849–856
Stoeger T, Reinhard C, Takenaka S, Schroeppel A, Karg E, Ritter B, Heyder J, Schulz H (2006) Instillation of six different ultrafine carbon particles indicates a surface area threshold dose for acute lung inflammation in mice. Environ Health Perspect 114:328–333
MacNee W (2001) Oxidative stress and lung inflammation in airways disease. Eur J Pharmacol 429:195–207
Unfried K, Albrecht C, Klotz LO, von Mikecz A, Grether-Beck S, Schins RPF (2007) Cellular responses to nanoparticles: target structures and mechanisms. Nanotoxicology 1:52–71
Stone V, Shaw J, Brown DM, Macnee W, Faux SP, Donaldson K (1998) The role of oxidative stress in the prolonged inhibitory effect of ultrafine carbon black on epithelial cell function. Toxicol In Vitro 12:649–659
Droge W, Schulze-Osthoff K, Mihm S, Galter D, Schenk H, Eck HP, Roth S, Gmunder H (1994) Functions of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in immunology and immunopathology. FASEB J 8:1131–1138
Li N, Sioutas C, Cho A, Schmitz D, Misra C, Sempf J, Wang M, Oberley T, Froines J, Nel A (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environ Health Perspect 111:455–460
Xia T, Kovochich M, Brant J, Hotze M, Sempf J, Oberley T, Sioutas C, Yeh JI, Wiesner MR, Nel AE (2006) Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. Nano Lett 6:1794–1807
Alberts B, Johnson J, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002) Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Science—Taylor and Francis Group, New York, USA
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH (2003) Cellular and molecular immunology, 5th edn. Elsevier Health Sciences, USA
Stone V, Brown DM, Watt N, Wilson M, Donaldson K, Ritchie H, MacNee W (2000) Ultrafine particle-mediated activation of macrophages: intracellular calcium signaling and oxidative stress. Inhal Toxicol 12:345–351
Stone V, Tuinman M, Vamvakopoulos JE, Shaw J, Brown D, Petterson S, Faux SP, Borm P, MacNee W, Michaelangeli F, Donaldson K (2000) Increased calcium influx in a monocytic cell line on exposure to ultrafine carbon black. Eur Respir J 15:297–303
Brown DM, Stone V, Findlay P, MacNee W, Donaldson K (2000) Increased inflammation and intracellular calcium caused by ultrafine carbon black is independent of transition metals or other soluble components. Occup Environ Med 57:685–691
Brown DM, Donaldson K, Borm PJ, Schins RP, Dehnhardt M, Gilmour P, Jimenez LA, Stone V (2004) Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286:L344–L353
Brown DM, Hutchison L, Donaldson K, MacKenzie SJ, Dick CA, Stone V (2007) The effect of oxidative stress on macrophages and lung epithelial cells: the role of phosphodiesterases 1 and 4. Toxicol Lett 168:1–6
Grynkiewicz G, Poenie M, Tsien RY (1985) A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J Biol Chem 260:3440–3450
Schins RP, Knaapen AM (2007) Genotoxicity of poorly soluble particles. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl 1):189–198
Limbach LK, Li Y, Grass RN, Brunner TJ, Hintermann MA, Muller M, Gunther D, Stark WJ (2005) Oxide nanoparticle uptake in human lung fibroblasts: effects of particle size, agglomeration, and diffusion at low concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 39:9370–9376
Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WA, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, Macnee W, Donaldson K (2008) Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 3:423–428
Donaldson K, Murphy FA, Duffin R, Poland CA (2010) Asbestos, carbon nanotubes and the pleural mesothelium: a review of the hypothesis regarding the role of long fibre retention in the parietal pleura, inflammation and mesothelioma. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:5
Rothen-Rutishauser B, Blank F, Muhlfeld C, Gehr P (2008) In vitro models of the human epithelial airway barrier to study the toxic potential of particulate matter. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4:1075–1089
Hissin PJ, Hilf R (1976) A fluorometric method for determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in tissues. Anal Biochem 74:214–226
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Clift, M.J.D., Rothen-Rutishauser, B. (2013). Studying the Oxidative Stress Paradigm In Vitro: A Theoretical and Practical Perspective. In: Armstrong, D., Bharali, D. (eds) Oxidative Stress and Nanotechnology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1028. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-475-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-475-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-474-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-475-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols