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Environmental Security in Watersheds: The Sea of Azov pp 3–62Cite as

The Azov Ecosystem: Resources and Threats

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Abstract

The current unsustainable pattern of water resource use in the Azov Sea basin undermines regional environmental security. The damming of rivers followed by active utilization of aquatic ecosystem services has decreased freshwater influx to the sea by one third and there is a growing trend of irrevocable water abstraction. The water has been redistributed through the region causing changes in ecosystem resources and services consumption, greatly contributing to and at the same time threatening the regional economy and environmental security. As a result of irreversible changes the Azov Sea ecosystem is not capable of supporting many essential ecosystem services. Though the basin is a strategic area playing an important role in national and international development plans, it has been excluded from most regional environmental discussions. The already serious existing threats to both humans and ecosystems will be amplified by implementation of regional development plans (e.g. construction of new Azov Caspian shipping canal “Eurasia” and increase in transport intensity). Environmental and economic hardships could trigger political instability in the area inhabited by the reviving paramilitary Cossack communities. In this context, there is a need for integrated interdisciplinary analysis of the basin’s environmental security. The paper aims at reviewing existing ecosystem services provided by the Azov ecosystem, historical paths in their utilization and corresponding challenges as a first step towards an integrated assessment of regional environmental security.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Resources, natural resources, ecosystem services and goods are similar terms [65] and used interchangeably through this volume.

  2. 2.

    Many experts believe that scarcity of water resources in Central Asia and disputes over their redistribution as a vital component of national economies could trigger violent conflicts in the region [152].

  3. 3.

    John Wesley Powell [1834–1902], the second director of the US Geological Survey, had been promoting the idea that the USA state borders should based on watershed areas to optimize agricultural activities.

  4. 4.

    Before the regulation of the river basins.

  5. 5.

    Currently the Azov Sea salinity varies significantly depending on the region.

  6. 6.

    Many species either already became extinct or have not been observed for a long time.

  7. 7.

    Dolphins have disappeared from the Azov Sea lately [3].

  8. 8.

    The Black and Mediterranean Seas produce 2 kg/ha and 0.5 kg/ha correspondingly [121].

  9. 9.

    According to the Russian State of the Environment report the freshwater influx in 2009 was 43 km3 [138].

  10. 10.

    Prior to the construction of the Tsimlyansk reservoir and the Volga-Don canal the average total annual flow in the river delta was 29.5 km3 [36].

  11. 11.

    Many of these species are not present in the region anymore.

  12. 12.

    The forest shelterbelts still cover vast territories of the region yet many have been cut down without any restoration efforts [3]. See Sect. 1.3.5.1.

  13. 13.

    Also known as the United Deep-Water System of Waterways [51].

  14. 14.

    According to other sources in 2016 [139].

  15. 15.

    At the timeVladimir Putin when the decision on the port was made.

  16. 16.

    Million metric ton per year.

  17. 17.

    As proclaimed by the former Russian President Vladimir Putin.

  18. 18.

    Zapovednik – a protected area which in the Russian classification system corresponds to the highest degree of environmental protection of designated areas that are strictly protected and usually restricted to public.

  19. 19.

    According to the Minister of Transport of the Rostov Oblast the decision has not been made by June 2011 [67].

  20. 20.

    China is willing to fund the canal construction [107].

  21. 21.

    Homing fidelity phenomenon is the ability of sturgeon species to identify proper direction for migration into their natal river and to find a designated spawning site according to seasonal changes.

  22. 22.

    See Sect. 1.4.5 later in this chapter.

  23. 23.

    In percentage of the total area of raster with a resolution of 5 min.

  24. 24.

    Similar plans to improve agricultural quality of steppe areas by planting forest stripes were suggested and implemented in Russia much earlier by many researchers and managers such as Peter the Great, Russian agronomist Andrey Bolotov in 1767 [118], the father of soil science Vasiliy Dokuchaev and others. Based on these ideas protective forestation in steppe areas was developed and began to be implemented in Russia before 1917 [58].

  25. 25.

    It is estimated that 80% of snow cover retained by the belts protected agricultural fields, while areas lacking belts loose 50–80% of snowmelt with runoff [169].

  26. 26.

    According to some authors the annual average discharge after the Tsimlyansk construction has dropped down to 160 m3/s [45].

  27. 27.

    Gulfs adjacent to the Don and Kuban River deltas respectively.

  28. 28.

    Bioaccumulation is a process when species absorbs toxic substances at a rate higher than that of substance loss.

  29. 29.

    Biomagnification is a process of increase in toxin concentration in organisms on higher trophic levels that occurs through the food chain.

  30. 30.

    One metric centner  =  100 kg. This way, valuable fish harvest was 170 thousand tonnes.

  31. 31.

    Fishing Caspian migratory species at the bottleneck of their life cycle, on their spawning runs, is discussed in another Environmental Security Series book “Rescue of Sturgeon Species in the Ural Basin” ([90]).

  32. 32.

    See the chapter’s Sect.1.3.4.1.

  33. 33.

    Mainly the Don basin, the situation in the Kuban region is better due to availability of small mountain rivers and springs.

  34. 34.

    Chaired by Vladimir Lagutov who has launched this initiative.

  35. 35.

    Reproduction age for sturgeons varies from 7 to 14 years.

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  1. Central European University, Nador ut.9, H1051, Budapest, Hungary

    Viktor Lagutov

  2. Azov Center for Watershed Cooperation, Novocherkassk, Russia

    Vladimir Lagutov

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    Viktor Lagutov

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Lagutov, V., Lagutov, V. (2012). The Azov Ecosystem: Resources and Threats. In: Lagutov, V. (eds) Environmental Security in Watersheds: The Sea of Azov. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2460-0_1

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