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Salinity and Drought Management in Legume Crops

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Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops

Abstract

The predicted global climatic changes anticipate rise in temperature, cyclones, floods, variability and unpredictability of rainfall, droughts, and melting of ice. Expected desiccation and rise in temperature will be resulting in high evapo-transpiration. The drier regions of the globe may become further drier. Consequently, it will become highly difficult for water scarce countries to face this challenge. Surface water scarcity will divert pressure on utilization of groundwater, the major part of which is not of safe and usable quality. Hence, soil and water salinity/ sodicty may enhance that will negatively affect soil characteristics (chemical and physical) and consequently reduce growth and yield of crops. Legumes are the most sensitive group in this regard and are expected to affect largely. Therefore, special management practices must be adopted to cope with the global climatic changes. Suitable hydraulic options (leaching and drainage), appropriate agronomic practices like; leveling, deep plowing, rainfall harvesting, application of organic matter, balanced nutrients, suitable sowing methods, mulching and planting geometry and appropriate irrigation technologies; scheduling, modification of irrigation system (shifting from surface irrigation to drip, sprinkler or sub-surface), cyclic use of good quality and brackish water have to be adopted. The changing situations will also require wise decisions like; selection of crop sequences that can withstand salinity stresses and inclusion of legumes in the crop rotations. Understanding of genetic variability with respect to salt tolerance will be necessary. Starting strong breeding programs to achieve this objective supported with modern approaches; Biotechnology, Mutation and Genetic Engineering will necessarily be desired from right now.

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Abbreviations

%:

Percent

<:

Lesser than

>:

More than

**:

Highly significant

al.:

Allies

B:

Boron

Ca:

Calcium

Ca(HCO3)2 :

Calcium bi carbonate

CaCO3 :

Calcium carbonate

CaSO4 :

Calcium sulphate

Cd:

Cadmium

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

Cl:

Chloride

CO3 :

Carbonates

Cr:

Chromium

d Sm–1 :

Desi siemens per meter

Ddw:

Depth of drainage Water

Diw:

Depth of irrigation Water

ECdw :

Electrical conductivity of drainage water

ECiw :

Electrical conductivity of irrigation water

ECa:

EC threshold

ECe:

Electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract

ESP:

Exchangeable sodium percentage

FAO:

Food and agriculture organization

g L–1 :

Gram per liter

H2SO4 :

Sulphuric acid

ha:

Hectare

HCO3 :

Bicarbonate

K:

Potasium

Lab:

Laboratory

Li:

Lithium

LR:

Leaching requirement

mg L–1 :

Milligram per liter

Mg:

Magnesium

mm:

Millimeter

mmolcL–1 :

Millimole charge per liter

Na:

Sodium

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

P:

Phosphorus

Pb:

Lead

pH:

Negative log of hydrogen ion activity

PPM:

Parts per million

r:

Correlation coefficient

RSC:

Residual sodium carbonate

SAR:

Sodium adsorption ratio

SARiw :

Sodium adsorption ratio of irrigation water

Se:

Selenium

SO4 :

Sulphate

UNESCO:

United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization

μ S m–1 :

Micro siemens per meter

US:

United States

USA:

United States of America

X:

Clay exchange complex

Zn:

Zinc

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this chapter duly acknowledge Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Sultanate of Oman, FAO, Ghafoor and coauthors, Qureshishi and Barrett-Lennard, US Salinity Lab. Staff, Maas, E. V., Gupta and Sharma, and Arshad and his coauthors for using their data or classification system in this chapter. Special acknowledgement is to Hussain and coauthors for providing their data that were made as the major part of the chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian, Punjab, Pakistan

    Nazir Hussain

  2. Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Ghulam Sarwar

  3. Department of Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany

    Helge Schmeisky

  4. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

    Salim Al-Rawahy & Mushtaque Ahmad

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  1. Nazir Hussain
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  2. Ghulam Sarwar
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  4. Salim Al-Rawahy
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  5. Mushtaque Ahmad
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Correspondence to Nazir Hussain .

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  1. National Agricultural Research Institute, Morobe Province, Papua, Guinea

    Shyam Singh Yadav

  2. Australian Temperate Field Crops, Collection, Department of Primary Industries (DPI), Horsham, 3401, Australia

    Robert Redden

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Hussain, N., Sarwar, G., Schmeisky, H., Al-Rawahy, S., Ahmad, M. (2010). Salinity and Drought Management in Legume Crops. In: Yadav, S., Redden, R. (eds) Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3709-1_10

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