Skip to main content

Fabrication and Reduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Graphene Oxide: Physics and Applications

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Physics ((SpringerBriefs in Physics))

Abstract

GO is a monolayer of graphite oxide. Graphite oxide was successfully fabricated in laboratory for over one and half centuries ago. Generally, there are three main approaches to synthesize graphite oxide. By exfoliating graphite oxide into monolayered structures, GO sheets can be obtained. The formation mechanism of GO from oxidizing graphene will also be discussed. On the other hand, GO is an important raw material to mass-produce graphene via removing the oxygen-containing groups, i.e. reduction of GO. Among different reduction methods, the chemical reduction can occur at low or moderate temperatures with the help of reducing reagents, which is one of the most commonly used approaches to transform GO back into graphene.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dreyer, D.R., Park, S., Bielawski, C.W., Ruoff, R.S.: Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 228–240 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chua, C.K., Pumera, M.: Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 291–312 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Brodie, B.C.: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 149, 249–259 (1859)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Staudenmaier, L.: Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 31, 1481–1487 (1898)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hummers, W.S., Offeman, R.E.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339 (1958)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson, J.A., Benmore, C.J., Stankovich, S., Ruoff, R.S.: Carbon 47, 2239–2243 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Boehm, H.-P., Clauss, A., Fischer, G.O., Hofmann, U.Z.: Anorg. Allg. Chem. 316, 119–127 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Pei, S., Cheng, H.M.: Carbon 50, 3210–3228 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Botas, C., Álvarez, P., Blanco, C., Santamaría, R., Granda, M., Gutiérrez, M.D., Rodríguez-Reinoso, F., Menéndez, R.: Carbon 52, 476–485 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. McAllister, M.J., Li, J.-L., Adamson, D.H., Schniepp, H.C., Abdala, A.A., Liu, J., Herrera-Alonso, M., Milius, D.L., Car, R., Prud’homme, R.K.: Chem. Mater. 19, 4396–4404 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lv, W., Tang, D.M., He, Y.B., You, C.H., Shi, Z.Q., Chen, X.-C., Chen, C.-M., Hou, P.-X., Liu, C., Yang, Q.H.: ACS Nano 3, 3730–3736 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Carbon 44, 3342–3347 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Chen, X., Wu, N., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: J. Mater. Chem. 16, 155–158 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Dommett, G.H.B., Kohlhaas, K.M., Zimney, E.J., Stach, E.A., Piner, R.D., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Nature 442, 282–286 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Paredes, J.I., Villar-Rodil, S., Martínez-Alonso, A., Tascón, J.M.D.: Langmuir 24, 10560–10564 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Becerril, H.A., Mao, J., Liu, Z., Stoltenberg, R.M., Bao, Z., Chen, Y.: ACS Nano 2, 463–470 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhu, Y., Stoller, M.D., Cai, W., Velamakanni, A., Piner, R.D., Chen, D., Ruoff, R.S.: ACS Nano 4, 1227–1233 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Li, D., Müller, M.B., Gilje, S., Kaner, R.B., Wallace, G.G.: Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 101–105 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Forsman, W.C., Vogel, F.L., Carl, D.E., Hoffman, J.: Carbon 16, 269–271 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Inagaki, M., Iwashita, N., Kouno, E.: Carbon 28, 49–55 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shin, Y.R., Jung, S.M., Jeon, I.Y., Baek, J.B.: Carbon 52, 493–498 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gao, X., Jiang, D.E., Zhao, Y., Nagase, S., Zhang, S., Chen, Z.: J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 8, 2406–2422 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lu, N., Li, Z.: Graphene oxide: theoretical perspectives. In: Zeng, J., Zhang, R.Q., Treutlein, H.R. (eds.) Quantum Simulations of Materials and Biological Systems, pp. 69–84. Springer, Dordrecht (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Sendt, K., Haynes, B.S.: Proc. Combust. Inst. 30, 2141–2149 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhu, Z.H., Finnerty, J., Lu, G.Q., Yang, R.T.: Energy Fuels 16, 1359–1368 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Carlsson, J.M., Hanke, F., Linic, S., Scheffler, M.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 166104 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lahaye, R.J.W.E., Jeong, H.K., Park, C.Y., Lee, Y.H.: Phys. Rev. B 79, 125435 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Li, J.-L., Kudin, K.N., McAllister, M.J., Prud’homme, R.K., Aksay, I.A., Car, R.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 176101 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Schniepp, H.C., Li, J.L., McAllister, M.J., Sai, H., Herrera-Alonso, M., Adamson, D.H., Prud’homme, R.K., Car, R., Saville, D.A., Aksay, I.A.: J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 8535–8539 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mattevi, C., Eda, G., Agnoli, S., Miller, S., Mkhoyan, K.A., Celik, O., Mastrogiovanni, D., Granozzi, G., Garfunkel, E., Chhowalla, M.: Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 2577–2583 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gao, W., Alemany, L.B., Ci, L.J., Ajayan, P.M.: Nat. Chem. 1, 403–408 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yang, D., Velamakanni, A., Bozoklu, G., Park, S., Stoller, M., Piner, R.D., Stankovich, S., Jung, I., Field, D.A., Ventrice Jr, C.A., Ruoff, R.S.: Carbon 47, 145–152 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang, X., Zhi, L., Mullen, K.: Nano Lett. 8, 323–327 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Stoller, M.D., Velamakanni, A., Piner, R.D., Ruoff, R.S.: Carbon 48, 2118–2122 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hassan, H.M.A., Abdelsayed, V., Abd El Rahman, S.K., AbouZeid, K.M., Terner, J., El-Shall, M.S., Al-Resayes, S.I., El-Azhary, A.A.: J. Mater. Chem. 19, 3832–3837 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cote, L.J., Cruz-Silva, R., Huang, J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 11027–11032 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang, Y., Guo, L., Wei, S., He, Y., Xia, H., Chen, Q., Sun, H.-B., Xiao, F.-S.: Nano Today 5, 15–20 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Baraket, M., Walton, S.G., Wei, Z., Lock, E.H., Robinson, J.T., Sheehan, P.: Carbon 48, 3382–3390 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Guo, Y., Wu, B., Liu, H., Ma, Y., Yang, Y., Zheng, J., Yu, G., Liu, Y.: Adv. Mater. 23, 4626–4630 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mao, S., Pu, H., Chen, J.: RSC Adv. 2, 2643–2662 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Piner, R.D., Kohlhaas, K.A., Kleinhammes, A., Jia, Y., Wu, Y., Nguyen, S.T., Ruoff, R.S.: Carbon 45, 1558–1565 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams, G., Seger, B., Kamat, P.V.: ACS Nano 2, 1487–1491 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ramesha, G.K., Sampath, S.: J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 7985–7989 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhou, M., Wang, Y., Zhai, Y., Zhai, J., Ren, W., Wang, F., Dong, S.: Chem. Eur. J. 15, 6116–6120 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wang, Z., Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Boey, F., Zhang, H.: J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 14071–14075 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. An, S.J., Zhu, Y., Lee, S.H., Stoller, M.D., Emilsson, T., Park, S., Velamakanni, A., An, J., Ruoff, R.S.: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 1259–1263 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim, M.C., Hwang, G.S., Ruoff, R.S.: J. Chem. Phys. 131, 064704 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gao, X., Jang, J., Nagase, S.: J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 832–842 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Su, Y., Gao, X., Zhao, J.: Carbon 67, 146–155 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Chen, W., Yan, L., Bangal, P.R.: J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 19885–19890 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Xie, S.Y., Li, X.B., Sun, Y.Y., Zhang, Y.L., Han, D., Tian, W.Q., Wang, W.Q., Zheng, Y.S., Zhang, S.B., Sun, H.-B.: Carbon 52, 122–127 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jijun Zhao .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zhao, J., Liu, L., Li, F. (2015). Fabrication and Reduction. In: Graphene Oxide: Physics and Applications. SpringerBriefs in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44829-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44829-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44828-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44829-8

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics