Abstract
Time has come to sum up the main findings of the book. In the introduction, I stated that the western legal tradition has common roots and a common history. This includes an ideology of law as something autonomous dedicated to protecting more general values such as justice, equality, and the rule of law that bind judges together across time and space. The book has shown how judges struggle to accommodate this ideology when it is under attack by the legislator and the executive, how they defend it, and how they depart from it. The bind is fragile and threadbare at times, at other times almost nonexistent. The fact that it is still there can, however, be seen in the way judges collaborating with authoritarian regimes still try to legitimise their actions with an appeal to this ideology. Some of them are even troubled by a bad conscience. Moreover, we must not forget that even in the deepest darkness of authoritarianism, there are judges who remain true to the ideology and work to counter the oppressive measures of the regime. Does the existence of this bind actually make life better for people living under such conditions subjected to its legal system? Unfortunately, in most cases, it does not. Nevertheless, the fact that it is there gives hope that we can improve the protection it offers. How this can be encouraged is what we turn to now.
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Notes
- 1.
Schorn (1959), p. 4.
- 2.
Verner (1984), p. 488.
- 3.
See Ginsburg (2003), location 372.
- 4.
Königsberg 17 October 1932, cited from Strenge (2002), p. 72.
- 5.
Both the case and the comments are published in Juristische Wochenschrift 1934, pp. 1744–1747.
- 6.
This was in accordance with a view expressed earlier by the Supreme Court in a decision from 23.1.1934, JW 1934, p. 767.
- 7.
See Mahmud (1994), pp. 100–140 for an analysis of these four choices of action and their application in post-colonial coups d’état in common law countries.
- 8.
In Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke [1969] 1 AC 645.
- 9.
See pp. 148–150.
- 10.
Hafner-Burton and Ronon (2009), p. 373.
- 11.
Sharp (2010), p. 7.
- 12.
See Korando (2012), p. 125.
- 13.
Rehnquist (1998), location 751.
- 14.
Hand (1959), p. 144.
- 15.
Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria (The Orator’s Education) book 7.1.
- 16.
Rüthers (2012), p. 174.
- 17.
Rabofsky and Oberkofler (1985), p. 97.
- 18.
Schmitt (1936), col. 1198.
- 19.
See Rüthers (2012), pp. 123–136.
- 20.
See Rabofsky and Oberkofler (1985), p. 101.
- 21.
Schjelderup (1945), pp. 185–189.
- 22.
Schjelderup (1945), pp. 117–118.
- 23.
Dyzenhaus (2010), p. 174.
- 24.
Stolleis (1998), p. 15.
- 25.
Cover (1974), p. 234.
- 26.
See Curran (1998–1999), pp. 27–29.
- 27.
Dworkin (1986), p. 105.
- 28.
Civil Disobedience—The Role of Judges—The Ninth Circuit Confirms Mandatory Sentence—United States v. Hungerford, 465 F.3d I i Q (9th Cir. 2006).
- 29.
Blankenburg (1995), p. 230.
- 30.
See pp. 104–105 above.
- 31.
Brand-Ballard (2010).
- 32.
Arendt (2003), p. 46.
- 33.
Zimbardo (2007), p. 450.
- 34.
Dugard (1984), p. 291.
- 35.
Sharp (2010), p. 20.
- 36.
Bericht des Amtsgerichtsrats i. R. Dr. Lothar Kreyssig vom 16.10.1969, p. 5, Institut für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin, Kreyssig, Dr. Lothar ZS-1956 http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/archiv/zs/zs-1956.pdf (last accessed 11.04.14).
- 37.
See also Nazis in the Courtroom: Lessons from the Conduct of Lawyers and Judges under the Laws of the Third Reich and Vichy France, 61 Brooklyn Law Review (1995), p. 1126.
- 38.
Fraser (2009), p. 211.
- 39.
The Einsatzgruppen Case (1946–1949), p. 555.
- 40.
Stoltzfus (1996), p. 256.
- 41.
Zimbardo (2007), pp. 451–456.
- 42.
Sharp (2010), p. 15.
- 43.
Helmke (2002), p. 296.
- 44.
A (FC) and others (FC) (Appellants) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent), X (FC) and another (FC) (Appellants) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent), [2004] UKHL 56.
- 45.
Amsterdam and Bruner (2000), pp. 140–141.
- 46.
Amsterdam and Bruner (2000), p. 141.
- 47.
Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004).
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Graver, H.P. (2015). Judges for Justice. In: Judges Against Justice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44293-7_19
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