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Analytical Methods for Determination of Haloforms in Drinking Water

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Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5 / 5G))

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Abstract

A review on analytical methods for the determination of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs, haloforms) was conducted. DBPs are formed during disinfection of waters containing organic matter by chlorination, ozonation and chloramination. The most important and common DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs), chloral hydrate and chloropicrin. The volatile compound classes THMs, HANs, HKs, chloral hydrate and chloropicrin are traditionally analysed by purge and trap or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) or mass spectrometry (MS). HAAs and haloaldehydes are generally targeted through derivatization techniques such as diazomethane or acidic methanol. In the last years new analysis methods for more polar water-soluble compounds without derivatization based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography (LC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been reported.

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Abbreviations

BCA:

Bromochloroacetic acid

BDCA:

Bromodichloroacetic acid

CDBA:

Chlorodibromoacetic acid

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

DBA:

Dibromoacetic acid

DBP:

Disinfection by-product

DCA:

Dichloroacetic acid

ECD:

Electron capture detector

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

ESI:

Electrospray ionisation

FIA:

Flow injection analysis

GC:

Gas chromatography

HAA:

Haloacetic acid

HAN:

Haloacetonitrile

HK:

Haloketone

HS:

Headspace

IC:

Ion chromatography

ICP:

Inductive coupled plasma

IS:

Internal standard

ITHM:

Iodinated trihalomethane

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LLE:

Liquid-liquid extraction

MBA:

Monobromoacetic acid

MCA:

Monochloroacetic acid

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MtBE:

Methyl-tert-butyl ether

MX:

3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone

PFBHA:

Pentafluoro-benzylhydroxylamine

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase micro extraction

TBA:

Tribromoacetic acid

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

THM:

Trihalomethane

UV:

Ultra violet

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Inland and Marine Waters Unit (IMW), Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, 21020, Ispra, Italy

    Robert Loos

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  1. Robert Loos
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Water and Air Quality Lab., Dept. of Environm. Studies, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 811 00, Mytilene, Greece

    Anastasia D. Nikolaou

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Loos, R. (2003). Analytical Methods for Determination of Haloforms in Drinking Water. In: Nikolaou, A.D. (eds) Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5 / 5G. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-53618-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-44997-3

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