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Fate and Transport of Haloforms in Water Distribution Systems

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Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5 / 5G))

Abstract

This chapter presents a recent overview of various haloforms that may be found in drinking water. It covers the main aspects related to their occurrence in drinking water in association with different disinfection processes practiced in water treatment technologies. The health effects of haloforms including carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity are summarized and followed by a coverage of the main relevant regulations. A major section discussing the transport of haloforms in general and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in particular throughout the water distribution systems is then presented. Topics covered in this section include factors affecting DBPs formation, kinetic models for DBP formation, and DBPs transport modeling approaches in pipe networks. A recent approach developed to model the THM species in pipe networks is elaborated on at the end of the chapter with a brief presentation of its application to the distribution system of Abu Dahbi, the capital city of United Arab Emirates.

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Abbreviations

BAT:

Best available technology

CNBr:

Cyanogen bromide

CNX:

Cyanogen halides

DBPs:

Disinfection by products

D/DBPs:

Disinfectants disinfection by-products

DMA:

Dimethylamine

ESWTR:

Enhanced surface water treatment rule

GWDR:

Groundwater drinking rule

HAA5:

Five regulated haloacetic acids (chloro, dichloro-, trichloro-,bromo-, dibromoacetic acids)

HAAs:

Haloacetic acids, same as HAA9 (HAA5+chlorobromo, dichlorobromo-, dibromochloro-, tribromoacetic acids)

HANs:

Haloacetonitriles

IESWTR:

Interim enhanced surface water treatment rule

LT1ESWTR:

Long term 1 enhanced surface water treatment rule

LT2ESWTR:

Long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule

MCA:

Monochloramine

MCLs:

Maximum contaminant levels (complying level)

MCLGs:

Maximum contaminant level goals (levels below which no health effect is known)

MRDLs:

Maximum residual disinfectant levels

MRDLGs:

Maximum residual disinfectant level goals

NCI:

National Cancer Institute

NDMA:

n-Nitrosodimethylamine

NPDWR:

National primary drinking water regulations

NTP:

National toxicology program

SDWA:

Safe drinking water act

SHDW:

Synthetic haloforms in drinking water

SUVA:

Specific ultra violet absorbance

TOX:

Total organic halogens

TTHM:

Total trihalomethanes

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, 17555, Al Jimi AlAin, United Arab Emirates

    Walid Elshorbagy

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  1. Walid Elshorbagy
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Water and Air Quality Lab., Dept. of Environm. Studies, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 811 00, Mytilene, Greece

    Anastasia D. Nikolaou

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Elshorbagy, W. (2003). Fate and Transport of Haloforms in Water Distribution Systems. In: Nikolaou, A.D. (eds) Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5 / 5G. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-53618-2

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