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Formation of Haloforms in Drinking Water

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Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5 / 5G))

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Abstract

The drinking water industry is required to ensure effective disinfection while minimizing the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). A multitude of data exists for the occurrence and the health effects of DBPs, primarily for trihalomethanes (THMs) and other chlorination by-products. The consumption of chlorinated drinking water has been linked to cancer and to a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes. Chloroform, the main THM identified in chlorinated water, is a probable human carcinogen. A significant proportion of the mutagenicity in chlorinated drinking water is attributed to the hydroxyfuranone MX. Different approaches have been applied to investigate the reactions of chlorine and other oxidants like ozone, chloramine and chlorine dioxide during the water treatment process. Especially the influence of precursors like natural organic matter (NOM) is an important subject of current research. Nevertheless, the reactions and products have not yet been clearly identified even with the aid of newly developed analytical tools. In the water treatment practice the three general approaches for the reduction of DBPs are to control their formation by using alternative disinfectants, to remove them after formation, or to remove their precursors. For this purpose the characterization of NOM is important to optimize the removal process, including coagulation, adsorption and membrane technologies.

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Abbreviations

AOX:

Adsorbable organic halides

BDCM:

Bromodichloromethane

DBCM:

Dibromochloromethane

DBP:

Disinfection by-product

DCAA:

Dichloroacetic acid

DCAN:

Dichloroacetonitrile

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

ECD:

Electron capture detector

FA:

Fulvic acid

GC:

Gas chromatography

HA:

Humic acid

HAA:

Haloacetic acid

HAN:

Haloacetonitrile

HK:

Haloketone

LC:

Liquid chromatography

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MX:

3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone

NOM:

Natural organic matter

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

TCAA:

Trichloroacetic acid

THM:

Trihalomethane

THMFP:

Trihalomethane formation potential

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TOX:

Total organic halogen

TTHMs:

Total trihalomethanes

UV:

Ultraviolet

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  1. Engler-Bunte-Institut, Universität Karlsruhe, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany

    F. H. Frimmel & J. B. Jahnel

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  1. F. H. Frimmel
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  1. Water and Air Quality Lab., Dept. of Environm. Studies, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 811 00, Mytilene, Greece

    Anastasia D. Nikolaou

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Frimmel, F.H., Jahnel, J.B. (2003). Formation of Haloforms in Drinking Water. In: Nikolaou, A.D. (eds) Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5 / 5G. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_1

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