Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anxiety and the Effects on Cardiovascular Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiovascular Diseases and Depression

  • 1296 Accesses

Abstract

Anxiety disorders have been implicated with the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for more than 100 years; however, empirical research and intervention efforts have largely been overshadowed by a focus on depression in recent times. This chapter focuses on anxiety disorders’ prevalence in CVDs. The associations between anxiety disorder subtypes with major clinical outcomes pertinent to cardiovascular function are also described. An emerging literature indicates that anxiety disorders increase the risk for development of CVD and major cardiovascular complications in persons already with CVD. The risk for cardiovascular events is independent from depression. Anxiety disorders therefore hold relevance for uncovering discrete mechanisms of cardiopathogenesis, novel therapeutic strategies, and initiating clinical interventions in the population at risk of developing heart disease or those already diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrams TE, Vaughan-Sarrazin M, Rosenthal GE (2009) Psychiatric comorbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2(3):213–220. doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.108.829143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-V. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Angermann CE, Gelbrich G, Störk S, Schowalter M, Deckert J, Ertl G et al (2011) Somatic correlates of comorbid major depression in patients with systolic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 147(1):66–73, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asmundson GJ, Fetzner MG, Deboer LB, Powers MB, Otto MW, Smits JA (2013) Let’s get physical: a contemporary review of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety and its disorders. Depress Anxiety 30(4):362–373. doi:10.1002/da.22043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bankier B, Barajas J, Martinez-Rumayor A, Januzzi JL (2008) Association between C-reactive protein and generalized anxiety disorder in stable coronary heart disease patients. Eur Heart J 29(18):2212–2217. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barger SD, Sydeman SJ (2005) Does generalized anxiety disorder predict coronary heart disease risk factors independently of major depressive disorder? J Affect Disord 88(1):87–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barsky AJ, Cleary PD, Sarnie MK, Ruskin JN (1994) Panic disorder, palpitations, and the awareness of cardiac activity. J Nerv Ment Dis 182(2):63–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barsky AJ, Delamater BA, Clancy SA, Antman EM, Ahern DK (1996) Somatized psychiatric disorder presenting as palpitations. Arch Intern Med 156(10):1102–1108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister H, Hutter N, Bengel J (2011) Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD008012. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008012.pub3

  • Baune BT, Stuart M, Gilmour A, Wersching H, Heindel W, Arolt V et al (2012) The relationship between subtypes of depression and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of biological models. Transl Psychiatry 2:e92. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter AJ, Vos T, Scott KM, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Blore J et al (2014) The regional distribution of anxiety disorders: implications for the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2010. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 23(4):422–438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunevicius A, Staniute M, Brozaitiene J, Pop VJ, Neverauskas J, Bunevicius R (2013) Screening for anxiety disorders in patients with coronary artery disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes 11(1):37. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-37

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burch EA Jr (1991) Increased risk of stroke in patients with panic attacks: real or perceived? Am J Psychiatry 148(10):1420–1421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carney RM, Freedland KE (2009) Treatment-resistant depression and mortality after acute coronary syndrome. Am J Psychiatr 166(4):410–417

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll D, Phillips AC, Gale CR, Batty GD (2010) Generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders, their comorbidity and hypertension in middle-aged men. Psychosom Med 72(1):16–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charova E, Dorstyn D, Tully PJ, Mittag O (2015) Web-based interventions for comorbid depression and chronic illness: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare 21:189–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YH, Lin HC (2011) Patterns of psychiatric and physical comorbidities associated with panic disorder in a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Acta Psychiatr Scand 123(1):55–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YH, Tsai SY, Lee HC, Lin HC (2009) Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction for patients with panic disorder: a nationwide population-based study. Psychosom Med 71(7):798–804. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ad55e3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicek Y, Durakoglugil ME, Kocaman SA, Guveli H, Cetin M, Erdogan T et al (2012) Increased pulse wave velocity in patients with panic disorder: independent vascular influence of panic disorder on arterial stiffness. J Psychosom Res 73(2):145–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske MG, Rauch SL, Ursano R, Prenoveau J, Pine DS, Zinbarg RE (2009) What is an anxiety disorder? Depress Anxiety 26(12):1066–1085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cully JA, Johnson M, Moffett ML, Khan M, Deswal A (2009) Depression and anxiety in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Psychosomatics 50(6):592–598. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damen NL, Pelle AJ, van Geuns RJ, van Domburg RT, Boersma E, Pedersen SS (2011) Intra-individual changes in anxiety and depression during 12-month follow-up in percutaneous coronary intervention patients. J Affect Disord 134(1–3):464–467. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dao TK, Youssef NA, Armsworth M, Wear E, Papathopoulos KN, Gopaldas R (2011) Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behavioral intervention for depression and anxiety symptoms preoperatively in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 142(3):e109–e115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dao TK, Voelkel E, Presley S, Doss B, Huddleston C, Gopaldas R (2012) Gender as a moderator between having an anxiety disorder diagnosis and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) outcomes in rural patients. J Rural Health 28(3):260–267. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2011.00395.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Jonge P, Ormel J, van den Brink RH, van Melle JP, Spijkerman TA, Kuijper A et al (2006) Symptom dimensions of depression following myocardial infarction and their relationship with somatic health status and cardiovascular prognosis. Am J Psychiatr 163:138–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Benedetto M, Lindner H, Hare DL, Kent S (2006) Depression following acute coronary syndromes: a comparison between the cardiac depression scale and the beck depression inventory II. J Psychosom Res 60(1):13–20. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dilsaver SC, Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK, Benazzi F (2006) Dose-response relationship between number of comorbid anxiety disorders in adolescent bipolar/unipolar disorders, and psychosis, suicidality, substance abuse and familiality. J Affect Disord 96(3):249–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava GA, Tossani E, Bech P, Berrocal C, Chouinard G, Csillag C et al (2014) Emerging clinical trends and perspectives on comorbid patterns of mental disorders in research. Int J Method Psychiatr Res 23(Suppl 1):92–101. doi:10.1002/mpr.1412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fish F (1964) The psychiatric aspects of paroxysmal tachycardia. Br J Psychiatry 110(1):205–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleet RP, Dupuis G, Marchand A, Burelle D, Beitman BD (1997) Detecting panic disorder in emergency department chest pain patients: a validated model to improve recognition. Ann Behav Med 19(2):124–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleet RP, Dupuis G, Marchand A, Kaczorowski J, Burelle D, Arsenault A et al (1998) Panic disorder in coronary artery disease patients with noncardiac chest pain. J Psychosom Res 44(1):81–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleet R, Lavoie K, Beitman BD (2000) Is panic disorder associated with coronary artery disease? A critical review of the literature. J Psychosom Res 48(4–5):347–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleet R, Lesperance F, Arsenault A, Gregoire J, Lavoie K, Laurin C et al (2005) Myocardial perfusion study of panic attacks in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 96(8):1064–1068. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.06.035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleet R, Foldes-Busque G, Grégoire J, Harel F, Laurin C, Burelle D et al (2014) A study of myocardial perfusion in patients with panic disorder and low risk coronary artery disease after 35% CO2 challenge. J Psychosom Res 76(1):41–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F (2008) Depression and anxiety as predictors of 2-year cardiac events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(1):62–71. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Gravel G, Masson A, Juneau M, Bourassa MG (2002) Long-term survival differences among low-anxious, high-anxious and repressive copers enrolled in the Montreal heart attack readjustment trial. Psychosom Med 64(4):571–579

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman AM 3rd, Fleece L, Folks DG, Sokol RS, Hall KR, Pacifico AD et al (1986) Alprazolam treatment of postcoronary bypass anxiety and depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 6(1):39–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garfield LD, Scherrer JF, Hauptman PJ, Freedland KE, Chrusciel T, Balasubramanian S et al (2014) Association of anxiety disorders and depression with incident heart failure. Psychosom Med 128–36(2):128–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glassman AH, O’Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT Jr et al (2002) Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 288(6):701–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Caminero A, Blumentals WA, Russo LJ, Brown RR, Castilla-Puentes R (2005) Does panic disorder increase the risk of coronary heart disease? A cohort study of a national managed care database. Psychosom Med 67(5):688–691. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000174169.14227.1f, 67/5/688 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin RD, Davidson KW, Keyes K (2009) Mental disorders and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. J Psychosom Res 43(3):239–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haworth JE, Moniz-Cook E, Clark AL, Wang M, Waddington R, Cleland JGF (2005) Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression in a sample of chronic heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 7(5):803–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoertel N, Le Strat Y, De Maricourt P, Limosin F, Dubertret C (2013) Are subjects in treatment trials of panic disorder representative of patients in routine clinical practice? Results from a national sample. J Affect Dis 146(3):383–389. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman JC, Smith FA, Blais MA, Januzzi JL, Fricchione GL (2008) Anxiety, independent of depressive symptoms, is associated with in-hospital cardiac complications after acute myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res 65(6):557–563. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.08.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman JC, Mastromauro CA, Beach SR, Celano CM, Dubois CM, Healy BC et al (2014) Collaborative care for depression and anxiety disorders in patients with recent cardiac events: The Management of Sadness and Anxiety in Cardiology (MOSAIC) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 174(6):927–936. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isensee B, Wittchen HU, Stein MB, Hofler M, Lieb R (2003) Smoking increases the risk of panic: findings from a prospective community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(7):692–700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janszky I, Ahnve S, Lundberg I, Hemmingsson T (2010) Early-onset depression, anxiety, and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease: 37-year follow-up of 49,321 young Swedish men. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(1):31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katerndahl DA (2008) The association between panic disorder and coronary artery disease among primary care patients presenting with chest pain: an updated literature review. J Clin Psychiatry 10(4):276–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Katon W, Hall ML, Russo J, Cormier L, Hollifield M, Vitaliano PP et al (1988) Chest pain: relationship of psychiatric illness to coronary arteriographic results. Am J Med 84(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katon W, Lin EH, Kroenke K (2007) The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 29(2):147–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katon WJ, Lin EH, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, Young B et al (2010) Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med 363(27):2611–2620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST (1995) Decreased heart rate variability in men with phobic anxiety (data from the Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol 75(14):882–885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornerup H, Zwisler AD, Prescott E (2011) No association between anxiety and depression and adverse clinical outcome among patients with cardiovascular disease: findings from the DANREHAB trial. J Psychosom Res 71(4):207–214. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.04.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubzansky LD, Cole SR, Kawachi I, Vokonas P, Sparrow D (2006) Shared and unique contributions of anger, anxiety, and depression to coronary heart disease: a prospective study in the normative aging study. Ann Behav Med 31(1):21–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladwig KH, Lederbogen F, Albus C, Angermann C, Borggrefe M, Fischer D et al (2014) Position paper on the importance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: update 2013. Ger Med Sci 12:Doc09. doi:10.3205/000194

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Koszycki D, Laliberte MA, van Zyl LT, Baker B et al (2007) Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease: the Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) trial. JAMA 297(4):367–379. doi:10.1001/jama.297.4.367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang JJ, Tweet MS, Hayes SE, Gulati R, Hayes SN (2013) Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among survivors of myocardial infarction due to spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 34(2):138–142. doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, Carney RM, Doering LV, Frasure-Smith N et al (2014) Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 129(12):1350–1369. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linke SE, Rutledge T, Johnson BD, Vaccarino V, Bittner V, Cornell CE et al (2009) Depressive symptom dimensions and cardiovascular prognosis among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(5):499–507. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.27, 66/5/499 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magyar-Russell G, Thombs BD, Cai JX, Baveja T, Kuhl EA, Singh PP et al (2011) The prevalence of anxiety and depression in adults with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res 71(4):223–231. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.02.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchesi C, Ossola P, Scagnelli F, Paglia F, Aprile S, Monici A et al (2014) Type D personality in never-depressed patients and the development of major and minor depression after acute coronary syndrome. J Affect Disord 155:194–199. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martens EJ, de Jonge P, Na B, Cohen BE, Lett H, Whooley MA (2010) Scared to death? Generalized anxiety disorder and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(7):750–758. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie LH, Simpson J, Stewart M (2010) A systematic review of pre-operative predictors of post-operative depression and anxiety in individuals who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Psychol Health Med 15(1):74–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendels J, Chernoff RW, Blatt M (1986) Alprazolam as an adjunct to propranolol in anxious outpatients with stable angina pectoris. J Clin Psychiatry 47(1):8–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merswolken M, Siebenhuener S, Orth-Gomer K, Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Deter HC (2011) Treating anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 80(6):365–370. doi:10.1159/000329177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer T, Hussein S, Lange HW, Herrmann-Lingen C (2014) Anxiety is associated with a reduction in both mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events five years after coronary stenting. Eur J Prev Cardiol. doi:10.1177/2047487313505244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles HHW, Cobb S (1951) Neurocirculatory asthenia, anxiety and neurosis. NEJM 245(19):711–719. doi:10.1056/NEJM195111082451901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RH, Robertson E, Harvey PJ, Nolan R, Rodin G, Romans S et al (2005) Sex differences in depression after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J 150(5):1017–1025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Tasch T, Frankenstein L, Holzapfel N, Schellberg D, Lowe B, Nelles M et al (2008) Panic disorder in patients with chronic heart failure. J Psychosom Res 64(3):299–303. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muotri RW, Bernik MA (2014) Panic disorder and exercise avoidance. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 36:68–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nabi H, Hall M, Koskenvuo M, Singh-Manoux A, Oksanen T, Suominen S et al (2010) Psychological and somatic symptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease: the health and social support prospective cohort study. Biol Psychiatry 67(4):378–385. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.040, S0006-3223(09)01031-2 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norlund F, Olsson EM, Burell G, Wallin E, Held C (2015) Treatment of depression and anxiety with internet-based cognitive behavior therapy in patients with a recent myocardial infarction (U-CARE Heart): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 16(1):154. doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0689-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes R, Clancy J, Hoenk PR, Slymen DJ (1978) Anxiety neurosis and physical illness. Compr Psychiatry 19(5):407–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Hyett M, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Brotchie H, Walsh W (2011) GAD is good? Generalized anxiety disorder predicts a superior five-year outcome following an acute coronary syndrome. Psychiatry Res 188(3):383–389. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen SS, Denollet J, Spindler H, Ong AT, Serruys PW, Erdman RA et al (2006) Anxiety enhances the detrimental effect of depressive symptoms on health status following percutaneous coronary intervention. J Psychosom Res 61(6):783–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pogosova N, Saner H, Pedersen SS, Cupples ME, McGee H, Höfer S et al (2015) Psychosocial aspects in cardiac rehabilitation: From theory to practice. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 22:1290–1306. doi:10.1177/2047487314543075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl R, Yeragani VK (2001) QT interval variability in panic disorder patients after isoproterenol infusions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 4(1):17–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pudlo R, Piegza M, Zakliczynski M, Zembala M (2009) The occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders in heart transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 41(8):3214–3218. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.09.031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafanelli C, Roncuzzi R, Milaneschi Y (2006) Minor depression as a cardiac risk factor after coronary artery bypass surgery. Psychosomatics 47(4):289–295, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.47.4.289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roest AM, Zuidersma M, de Jonge P (2012) Myocardial infarction and generalised anxiety disorder: 10-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 200(4):324–329. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103549

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rollman BL, Huffman JC (2013) Treating anxiety in the presence of medical comorbidity: calmly moving forward. Psychosom Med 75(8):710–712. doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roy-Byrne PP, Schmidt P, Cannon RO, Diem H, Rubinow DR (1989) Microvascular angina and panic disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med 19(4):315–325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy-Byrne PP, Davidson KW, Kessler RC, Asmundson GJ, Goodwin RD, Kubzansky L et al (2008) Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 30(3):208–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, Rose RD, Edlund MJ, Lang AJ et al (2010) Delivery of evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(19):1921–1928. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rymaszewska J, Kiejna A, Hadrys T (2003) Depression and anxiety in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. Eur Psychiatry 18(4):155–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sardinha A, Nardi AE, Araujo CG, Ferreira MC, Eifert GH (2013) Brazilian portuguese validated version of the cardiac anxiety questionnaire. Arq Bras Cardiol. doi:10.5935/abc.20130207

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scherrer JF, Chrusciel T, Zeringue A, Garfield LD, Hauptman PJ, Lustman PJ et al (2010) Anxiety disorders increase risk for incident myocardial infarction in depressed and nondepressed veterans administration patients. Am Heart J 159(5):772–779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scherrer JF, Chrusciel T, Garfield LD, Freedland KE, Carney RM, Hauptman PJ et al (2012) Treatment-resistant and insufficiently treated depression and all-cause mortality following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 200(2):137–142. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096479

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz J, Prashad A, Winchester DE (2015) Prevalence and implications of severe anxiety in a prospective cohort of acute chest pain patients. Crit Pathw Cardiol 14(1):44–47. doi:10.1097/hpc.0000000000000038

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scott KM, de Jonge P, Alonso J, Viana MC, Liu Z, O’Neill S et al (2013) Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent heart disease onset: beyond depression. Int J Cardiol 168(6):5293–5299. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seldenrijk A, Vogelzangs N, Batelaan NM, Wieman I, van Schaik DJ, Penninx BJ (2015) Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease. J Psychosom Res 78(2):123–129. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheps DS, Freedland KE, Golden RN, McMahon RP (2003) ENRICHD and SADHART: implications for future biobehavioral intervention efforts. Psychosom Med 65(1):1–2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherbourne CD, Jackson CA, Meredith LS, Camp P, Wells KB (1996) Prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders in primary care outpatients. Arch Fam Med 5(1):27–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon NM, Smoller JW, Fava M, Sachs G, Racette SR, Perlis R et al (2003) Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 37(3):187–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolderen KG, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, Buchanan DM, Krumholz HM, Denollet J et al (2009) The association of cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms with depression recognition and outcomes after myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2(4):328–337

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan GM, Kent JM, Kleber M, Martinez JM, Yeragani VK, Gorman JM (2004) Effects of hyperventilation on heart rate and QT variability in panic disorder pre- and post-treatment. Psychiatry Res 125(1):29–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RE (2001) Death of neurasthenia and its psychological reincarnation: a study of neurasthenia at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure of the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London, 1870-1932. Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci 179:550–557

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teesson M, Mitchell PB, Deady M, Memedovic S, Slade T, Baillie A (2011) Affective and anxiety disorders and their relationship with chronic physical conditions in Australia: findings of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 45(11):939–946. doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.614590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer JF, Friedman BH, Borkovec TD (1996) Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biol Psychiatry 39(4):255–266. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0, 0006-3223(95)00136-0 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thombs BD, Roseman M, Coyne JC, de Jonge P, Delisle VC, Arthurs E et al (2013) Does evidence support the American Heart Association’s recommendation to screen patients for depression in cardiovascular care? An updated systematic review. PLoS One 8(1):e52654. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ (2015) A good time to panic? Premorbid and postmorbid panic disorder in heart failure affects cardiac and psychiatric cause admissions. Australas Psychiatry 23(2):124–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Baker RA (2012) Depression, anxiety, and cardiac morbidity outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a contemporary and practical review. J Geriatr Cardiol 9(2):197–208. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1263.2011.12221

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Baune BT (2014) Comorbid anxiety disorders alter the association between cardiovascular diseases and depression: the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey. Soc Psych Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(5):683–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Cosh SM (2013) Generalized anxiety disorder prevalence and comorbidity with depression in coronary heart disease: a meta analysis. J Health Psychol 18(12):1601–1616. doi:10.1177/1359105312467390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Baker RA, Winefield HR, Turnbull DA (2010) Depression, anxiety disorders and type D personality as risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 44(11):1005–1011

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Bennetts JS, Baker RA, McGavigan AD, Turnbull DA, Winefield HR (2011a) Anxiety, depression, and stress as risk factors for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Heart Lung 40(1):4–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Pedersen SS, Winefield HR, Baker RA, Turnbull DA, Denollet J (2011b) Cardiac morbidity risk and depression and anxiety: a disorder, symptom and trait analysis among cardiac surgery patients. Psychol Health Med 16(3):333–345. doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.553960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Cosh SM, Baune BT (2013) A review of the affects of worry and generalized anxiety disorder upon cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease. Psychol Health Med 18(6):627–644. doi:10.1080/13548506.2012.749355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Cosh SM, Baumeister H (2014a) The anxious heart in whose mind? A systematic review and meta-regression of factors associated with anxiety disorder diagnosis, treatment and morbidity risk in coronary heart disease. J Psychosom Res 77(6):439–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Wittert GA, Selkow T, Baumeister H (2014b) The real world mental health needs of heart failure patients are not reflected by the depression randomized controlled trial evidence. PLoS One 9(1):e85928. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085928

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Wittert GA, Turnbull DA, Beltrame JF, Horowitz JD, Cosh S et al (2015a) Panic disorder and incident coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 4:33

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Selkow T, Bengel J, Rafanelli C (2015b) A dynamic view of comorbid depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptom change in chronic heart failure: discrete effects of cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise rehabilitation, and psychotropic medication. Disabil Rehabil 37(7):585–592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tully PJ, Turnbull DA, Beltrame JF, Horowitz JD, Cosh S, Baumeister H et al (2015c) Panic disorder and incident coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-regression in 1,131,612 persons and 58,111 cardiac events. Psychol Med 45:2909–2920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk MR, Utens EMWJ, Dulfer K, Al-Qezweny MNA, van Geuns RJ, Daemen J et al (2016) Depression and anxiety symptoms as predictors of mortality in PCI patients at 10 years of follow-up. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23(5):552–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogelzangs N, Seldenrijk A, Beekman ATF, Van Hout HPJ, De Jonge P, Penninx BWJH (2010) Cardiovascular disease in persons with depressive and anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 125(1–3):241–248

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vural M, Satiroglu O, Akbas B, Goksel I, Karabay O (2009) Coronary artery disease in association with depression or anxiety among patients undergoing angiography to investigate chest pain. Tex Heart Inst J 36(1):17–23

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walters K, Rait G, Petersen I, Williams R, Nazareth I (2008) Panic disorder and risk of new onset coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and cardiac mortality: cohort study using the general practice research database. Eur Heart J 29(24):2981–2988. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Cui J, Wang Y, Deng B, Liang X, Bai J et al (2013) Anxiety and adverse coronary artery disease outcomes in Chinese patients. Psychosom Med 75(6):530–536. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182984317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins LL, Blumenthal JA, Davidson JR, Babyak MA, McCants CB Jr, Sketch MH Jr (2006) Phobic anxiety, depression, and risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 68(5):651–656. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000228342.53606.b3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson D (2009) Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: a quadripartite model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 5:221–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss E, Dolin B, Rollin HR, Fischer HK, Bepler CR (1957) Emotional factors in coronary occlusion. I. Introduction and general summary. Arch Int Med 99(4):628–641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JB, Alexander KP, Morin J-F, Langlois Y, Noiseux N, Perrault LP et al (2013) Preoperative anxiety as a predictor of mortality and major morbidity in patients aged >70 years undergoing cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 111(1):137–142, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.060

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltink J, Beutel ME, Till Y, Ojeda FM, Wild PS, Munzel T et al (2011) Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population. J Affect Disord 130(3):429–437. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.041, S0165-0327(10)00670-1 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen HU (1994) Reliability and validity studies of the WHO - composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI): a critical review. J Psychiatr Res 28(1):57–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B et al (2011) The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21(9):655–679. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeragani VK, Pohl R, Berger R, Balon R, Ramesh C, Glitz D et al (1993) Decreased heart rate variability in panic disorder patients: a study of power-spectral analysis of heart rate. Psychiatry Res 46(1):89–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeragani VK, Pohl R, Balon R, Jampala VC, Jayaraman A (2002) Twenty-four-hour QT interval variability: increased QT variability during sleep in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 46(1):1–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Discipline of Medicine, The School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Phillip J. Tully

  2. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Bernhard T. Baune

Authors
  1. Phillip J. Tully
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bernhard T. Baune
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phillip J. Tully .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

    Bernhard T. Baune

  2. The Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Phillip J. Tully

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tully, P.J., Baune, B.T. (2016). Anxiety and the Effects on Cardiovascular Disease. In: Baune, B., Tully, P. (eds) Cardiovascular Diseases and Depression. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32480-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32480-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32478-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32480-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation