Abstract
Rolling contact testing requires understanding of friction, lubrication transfer, and a common framework from which to calculate contact stress between rolling contact elements. So long as the calculations and assumptions for each of these topics are consistently applied across all experiments, the resulting experimental data is very useful to assess coating performance. Often, data from tests involving friction are fit to an empirical model set of equations. There are numerous references concerning the foundational aspects of friction and wear, “Friction and Wear of Materials,” by Rabinowicz, and “Engineering Tribology,” by Stachowiak and Batchelor to name a few. More recently, textbooks concerning wear and friction of thin film coatings and surface engineering have emerged as well, “Coatings Tribology: Properties, Techniques and Applications in Surface Engineering,” by Holmberg and Matthews, and “Surface Modification and Mechanisms,” by Totten and Liang. A more general approach to friction has been proposed by Nosonovsky and Mortazavi (2014), considering friction and the associated processes of wear as a universal and general phenomenon, independent of how the friction is generated. This approach removes the distinction between wear in rolling contact systems, such as ball bearing sets and sliding contact wear mechanisms in reciprocating machinery, for example, and presents a thermodynamic connection for all types of wear.
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Abbreviations
- \( \mathit{\mathsf{W}} \) :
-
Applied contact load
- ψ :
-
Chemical potential in thermodynamic analyses
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{W}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{Y}}},\ {\mathit{\mathsf{F}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{Y}}} \) :
-
Contact load at material yield
- Γ:
-
Contact loading-type constant
- \( \mathit{\mathsf{H}} \) :
-
Contact material hardness (GPa)
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{U}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{ab}}},\ \mathit{\mathsf{U}} \) :
-
Contact surface energy elastic energy material
- β :
-
Cup surface contact angle
- \( \mathit{\mathsf{S}}-\mathit{\mathsf{N}} \) :
-
Cycles versus load
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{d}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{A}}} \) :
-
Diameter of debris particle from friction contact
- δ :
-
Differential operator \( \frac{\partial }{\partial {\mathit{\mathsf{q}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{n}}}} \)
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{K}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{D}}} \) :
-
Effective contact radius for contact stress calculation
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{E}}}^{*} \) :
-
Effective modulus
- \( \mathit{\mathsf{R}} \) :
-
Effective radius of curvature
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{p}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{o}}} \) :
-
Hertz contact pressure
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{a}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{r}}} \) :
-
Hertz contact radius
- \( \mathit{\mathsf{c}},\ \mathsf{d},\ \eta \) :
-
Load constants for contact stress calculation
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{p}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{m}}} \) :
-
Mean applied contact pressure
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{N}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{c}}},\ {\mathit{\mathsf{N}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{r}}} \) :
-
Normal force between Cup–ball and ball–rod
- ν 1,2 :
-
Poisson’s ratio of contact materials
- \( {\sigma}_{\mathit{\mathsf{i}}} \) :
-
Principle stress
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{R}}}_{1,2,3,4} \) :
-
Radius of curvature of balls and rod
- \( \dot{\mathit{\mathsf{S}}} \) :
-
Rate of change entropy
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{D}}}_{\mathit{\mathsf{r}}} \) :
-
Rod diameter
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{J}}}_2 \) :
-
Second stress invariant
- \( {\mathit{\mathsf{E}}}_{1,2} \) :
-
Young’s modulus of contact materials
- CVFC:
-
Control volume fraction coverage
- RCF:
-
Rolling contact fatigue
- TiN:
-
Titanium nitride
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Danyluk, M., Dhingra, A. (2015). Rolling Contact Testing of Ball Bearing Elements. In: Rolling Contact Fatigue in a Vacuum. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11930-4_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11930-4_3
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