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Doppler Sonography of the Head and Neck

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Doppler Sonography in Infancy and Childhood

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Abstract

Sonography and Doppler sonography are the imaging modalities of choice for the differential diagnosis of various head and neck diseases in infancy and childhood. With the help of high resolution linear transducers with frequencies over 10 MHz the normal anatomy and the different pathologies can be displayed. The central organ of the neck is thyroid gland. Different diseases of the thyroid are autoimmune thyreoiditis, benign and malignant tumors. Autoimmunthyreoiditis is characterized by a volume increase of the organ and increased vascularity (thyroid inferno). Tumors of the thyroid have to be differentiated in benign and malignant. The most frequent benign tumors are adenomas characterized by a complete hypoechoic vascular ring. Carcinomas have no complete hypoechoic ring, are poorly defined, contain micro calcifications and are richly vascularized with pathologic vessels. Another frequent indication is cervical lymphadenopathy which frequently occurs in pediatrics. Reactive lymphadenopathy is characterized by oval shaped cervical lymph nodes usually below 2 cm in diameter which are perfused by several hilus vessels. Malignant lymph node infiltrations in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin disease are round, exceed 2 cm in diameter and have chaotic vascularization. Rare indications for cervical sonography are fibromatosis colli, cystic head and neck masses such as laryngeal cysts, dermoid cysts, vascular tumors, hemangiomas, lymphangiomas and cervical cysts. Cysts and lymphangiomas do not contain vessels, whereas vascular tumors and hemangiomas are richly vascularized.

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  1. Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Deeg

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Deeg, KH. (2015). Doppler Sonography of the Head and Neck. In: Doppler Sonography in Infancy and Childhood. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03506-2_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03506-2_4

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