Skip to main content
  • 2566 Accesses

Abstract

Recent concerns about the cardiovascular safety of the coxibs have heightened concerns about the risks of myocardial infarction and other cardiac conditions with all NSAIDs. The relative cardiovascular risks of ibuprofen are compared with those of the coxibs and NSAIDs in evidence from epidemiological and clinical trial studies at prescription and OTC dosages. Factors affecting the risks of serious CV reactions including presence of rheumatic disease, drug interactions of ibuprofen with anti-hypertensives, diuretics and other agents are considered. For ibuprofen the possibility that the drug may interfere with the anti-platelet actions of low-dose aspirin is reviewed and suggestions made for reducing this reaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American College of Rheumatology, Hotline (2005) The safety of COX-2 inhibitors. Deliberations from the February 16–18, 2005, FDA Meeting. http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/hotline/0305COX2.asp?aud+mem. Accessed 16 Jan 2007

  • Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA (2007a) Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. An update for clinicians. Circulation 115:1634–1642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA, American Heart Association (2007b) Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 115:1634–1642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong PCJ, Truss NJ, Ali FY, Dhanji AA, Vojnovic I et al (2008) Aspirin and the in vitro linear relationship between thromboxane A2-mediated platelet aggregation and platelet production on thromboxane A2. J Thromb Haemost 6:1933–1943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assous N, Touzé E, Meune C, Kahan A, Alloanore Y (2007) Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: single center hospital based cohort in France. Joint Bone Spine 74(1):66–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badin C, Chambrier C, Anouifi A, Boucaud C, Bouletreau P (1997) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: a dangerous combination during postoperative period. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 16:55–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay L (2005) Platelet function may normalize by 24 hours after last ibuprofen dose. Medscape Medical News. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/502566?src=mp. Accessed 15 Apr 2005

  • Baron JA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS, Lanas A, Morton DG, Iverson ER, Riddell R, DeMets D (2008) Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial. Lancet 372:1756–1764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks CD, Schlagel CA, Sekhar NC, Sobota JT (1973) Tolerance and pharmacology of ibuprofen. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 15:180–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon CP, Curtis SP, FitzGerald GA, Krum H, Kaur A, Bolognese JA, Reicin AS, Bombardier C, Weinblatt ME, van der Heijde D, Erdmann E, Laine L (2006) Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatosis arthritis in the multinational etoricoxib and diclofenac arthritis long-term (MEDAL) programme: a randomised comparison. Lancet 368:1771–1781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, Cucchiara AJ, DeMarco S, Tournier B, Vyas SN, FitzGerland GA (2001) Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med 345:1809–1817

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer B, Berlin RG, Cooper SA, Hsu C, Wason S (2005) Double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled study of ibuprofen effects on thromboxane B2 concentrations in aspirin-treated healthy adult volunteers. Clin Ther 27:185–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis JP, Krumholz HM (2004) The case for an adverse interaction between aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: is it time to believe the hype? J Am Coll Cardiol 43:991–993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis JP, Wang Y, Portnay EL, Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Krumholz HM (2003) Aspirin, ibuprofen, and mortality after myocardial infarction: retrospective cohort study. Br Med J 327:1322–1323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Food and Drug Administration (2006) Information for healthcare professionals: concomitant use of ibuprofen and aspirin New Information [9/2006]. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatients. Accessed 11 Mar 2011

  • Durrieu G, Olivier P, Montastruc JL (2005) COX-2 inhibitors and arterial hypertension: an analysis of spontaneous case reports in the pharmacovigilance database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 61:611–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison J, Dager W (2007) Recent FDA warning of the concomitant use of aspirin and ibuprofen and the effects on platelet aggregation. Prev Cardiol 10:61–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farkouh ME, Kirshner H, Harrington RA, Ruland S, Verheugt FWA, Schnitzer TJ, Burmester GR, Mysler E, Hochberg MC, Doherty M, Ehrsam E, Gitton X, on behalf of the TARGET Study Group (2004) Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the Therapeutic Arthritis Research and Gastrointestinal Event Trial (TARGET), cardiovascular outcomes: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:675–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freise J, Bernau I, Meier S, Zeidler H, Kuipers JG (2009) Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-DNA in synovial fluid: evaluation of the sensitivity of different DNA extraction methods and amplification systems. Arth Res Ther 11:R175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galdding PA, Webster MWI, Farrell HB, Zeng ISL, Park R, Ruijne N (2008) The antiplatelet effect of six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pharmacodynamic interaction with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol 101:1060–1063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García Rodríguez LA, Varas-Lorenzo C, Maguire A, González-Pérez A (2004) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. Circulation 109:3000–3006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaziano JM, Gibson CM (2006) Potential for drug-drug interactions in patients taking analgesics for mild-to-moderate pain and low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection. Am J Cardiol 97(9A):23–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gislason GH, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen JN, Rasmussen S, Buch P, Friberg J, Schramm TK et al (2006) Risk of death or reinfarction associated with the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 113:2906–2913

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gladding P, Webster M, Ormiston J, Olsen S, White H (2008a) Antiplatelet unresponsiveness. Am Heart J 155:591–599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, Spence M, Cheetham C, Levy G, Shoor S, Ray WA (2005) Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet 365:475–481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grennan DM, Ferry DG, Ashworth ME, Kenny RE, Mackinnon M (1979) The aspirin-ibuprofen interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 8:497–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn M, Stephens JC, Thompson JR, Rathbone BJ, Samani NJ (2000) Significant association of cagA positive helicobacter pylori strains with risk of premature myocardial infarction. Heart 84:267–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurwitz JH, Everitt DE, Monane M, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Beaudet MP, Avorn J (1996) The impact of ibuprofen on the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment with hydrochlorothiazide in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51:M74–M79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas M, Moolenaar F, Meijer DK, Jong PE, de Zeeuw D (1998) Renal targeting of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: effects on renal prostaglandin synthesis in the rat. Clin Sci 95:603–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris RC, McKanna JA, Akai Y, Jacobson HR, Duboois RN, Breyer MD (1994) Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the macula densa of rat kidney and increases with salt restriction. J Clin Invest 94:2504–2510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2005) Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. Br Med J 330:1366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang WF, Hsiao FY, Wen YW, Tsai YW (2006) Cardiovascular events associated with the use of four nonselective NSAIDs (etodolac, nabumetone, ibuprofen, or naproxen) versus a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (celecoxib): a population-based analysis in Taiwanese adults. Clin Ther 28:1827–1836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson M, Rahme E, Richard H, Pilote L (2007) Risk of congestive heart failure with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cylooxygenase 2 inhibitors: a class effect? Arth Rheum 57:516–523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ichihara A, Imig JD, Navar LG (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2 modulates afferent arteriolar responses to increases in pressure. Hypertension 34:843–847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue T, Mi Z, Gillesoie DG, Jackson EK (1998) Cyclooxygenase inhibition reveals synergistic action of vasoconstrictors on mesangial cell growth. Eur J Pharmacol 361:285–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jick H, Kaye JA, Russmann S, Jick SS (2006) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acute myocardial infarction in patients with no major risk factors. Pharmacotherapy 26:1379–1387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Day RO (1994) Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect blood pressure? A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 121:289–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr DJ, Dunn JA, Langman MJ, Smith JL, Midgley RSJ, Stanley A et al (2007) Rofecoxib and cardiovascular adverse events in adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 357:360–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan KN, Venturini CM, Bunch RT, Brassard JA, Koki AT, Morris DL, Trump BF, Maziasz TJ, Alden CL (1998) Interspecies differences in renal localization of cyclooxygenase isoforms: implications in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 26:612–620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna D, Khanna PP, Durst DE (2005) COX-2 controversy: where are we and where do we go from here? Inflammopharmacology 13:395–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel SE, Berlin JA, Reilly M, Jaskowiak J, Kishel L, Chittams J, Strom BL (2004) The effects of nonselective non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications on the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and their interaction with aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:985–990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ko D, Wang Y, Berger AK, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM (2002) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 143:475–481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurth T, Glynn RJ, Walker AM, Chan KA, Buring JE, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM (2003) Inhibition of clinical benefits of aspirin on first myocardial infarction by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Circulation 108:1191–1195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald TM, Wei L (2003) Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin. Lancet 361:573–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mamdani M, Juurlink DN, Lee DS, Rochon PA, Kopp A, Naglie G, Austin PC, Laupacis A, Stukel TA (2004) Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors versus non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 363:1751–1756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matchaba P, Gitton X, Krammer G, Ehrsam E, Sloan VS, Olson M, Mellein B, Hoexter G, Orloff J, Garaud JJ (2005) Cardiovascular safety of lumiracoxib: a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials > or =1 week and up to 1 year in duration of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ther 27:1196–1214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu P, Lemieux Despres J-P (2010) Obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87:407–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGettigan P, Henry D (2006) Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase. JAMA 296:1633–1644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGettigan P, Platona A, Henry DA (2000) Renal and cardiovascular toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammopharmacology 8:1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGettigan P, Han P, Henry D (2006) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and coronary occlusion—exploring dose-response relationships. Br J Clin Pharmacol 62:358–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGettigan P, Han P, Jones L, Whitaker D, Henry D (2008) Selective COX-2 inhibitors, NSAIDs and congestive heart failure: differences between new and recurrent cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 65:927–934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre BA, Philp RB, Inwood MJ (1978) Effect of ibuprofen on platelet function in normal subjects and haemophiliac patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 24:616–621

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miragliotta G, Molineaux N (1994) Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Lancet 344:751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miwa LJ, Jones JK (1999) Adverse drug reactions attributed to ibuprofen: effects other that gastrointestinal. In: Rainsford KD (ed) Ibuprofen: a critical bibliographic review. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 499–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore A, Derry S, Makinson GT, McQuay HJ (2005) Tolerability and adverse events in clinical trials of celecoxib in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of information from company clinical trials reports. Arthritis Res Ther 7:R644–R665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ, Paling J (2008) What do we know about communicating risk? A brief review and suggestion for contextualising serious, but rare, risk, and the example of COX-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs. Arthritis Res Ther 10(1):R20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motsko SP, Rascati KL, Busti AJ, Wilson JP, Barner JC, Lawson KA, Worchel J (2006) Temporal relationship between use of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, and cardiovascular risk. Drug Saf 29(7):621–632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naldi L, Conforti A, Venegoni M, Troncon MG, Caputi A, Ghiotto E, Cocci A, Moretti U, Velo G, Leone R (1999) Cutaneous reactions to drugs. An analysis of spontaneous reports in four Italian regions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48:839–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nurmohamed MT, van Halm VP, Dijkmans BA (2002) Cardiovascular risk profile of antirheumatic agents in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 62:1599–1609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Östör AJK, Hazleman BL (2005) The murky waters of the coxibs: a review of the current state of play. Inflammopharmacology 13:371–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padol IT, Hunt RH (2010) Association of myocardial infarctions with COX-2 inhibition may be related to immunomodulation towards Th1 response resulting in atheromatous plaque instability: an evidence-based interpretation. Rheumatology 49:837–843

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panoulas VF, Douglas KMJ, Milionis HJ, Stravropoulos-Kalinglou A, Nightingale P, Kita MD, Tselio AL, Metsios GS, Elisaf MS, Kitas GD (2007) Prevalence and associations of hypertension and its control in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 46:1477–1482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters MJL, van Halm VP, Voskuyl AE, Smulders YM, Boers M, Lems WF et al (2009) Does rheumatoid arthritis equal diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A prospective study. Arth Rheum 61:1571–1579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pongbhaesaj P, Yamwong P, Chattanamatta P et al (2003) Effects of ibuprofen and different doses of aspirin on platelet aggregation. Artherosclerosis Suppl 4:247 (Abstract # 3P-0841)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope JE, Anderson JJ, Felson DT (1993) Meta-analysis of the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 22:477–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psaty BM, Furberg CD (2005) COX-2 inhibitors—lessons in drug safety. N Engl J Med 352:1133–1135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radack KL, Deck CC, Bloomfield SS (1987) Ibuprofen interferes with the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ibuprofen compared with acetaminophen. Ann Intern Med 107:628–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahme E, Nedjar H (2007) Risks and benefits of COX-2 inhibitors vs non-selective NSAIDs: does their cardiovascular risk exceed their gastrointestinal benefit? A retrospective cohort study. Rheumatology 46:435–438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsford KD (2005a) Introduction—The coxib controversies. Inflammopharmacology 13:331–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsford KD (2010) Cardiovascular adverse reactions from NSAIDs are more than COX-2 inhibition alone. Rheumatology 49:834–836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray WA (2010) Cardiovascular safety of NSAIDs: the cardiovascular risks should prompt evaluation of a broader range of alternatives. Br Med J 342:116–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray WA, Varas-Lorenzo C, Chung CP, Castellsague J, Murray KT, Stein CM, Daugherty JR et al (2009) Cardiovascular risks of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients after hospitalization for serious coronary heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2:155–163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rho YH, Chung CP, Sulos J, Raggi P, Oeser A, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Stein CM (2010) Adipokynotines, insulin resistance, and coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 62:1259–1264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roig F, Llinas MT, Lopez R, Salazar FJ (2002) Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the prolonged regulation of renal function. Hypertension 40:721–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeweiss S, Solomon DH, Wang PS, Rassen J, Brookhart MA (2006) Simultaneous assessment of short-term gastrointestinal benefits and cardiovascular risks of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an instrumental variable analysis. Arthritis Rheum 54:3390–3398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzer TJ, Burmester GR, Mysker E, Hochberg MC, Doherty M, Ehrsam E, Gitton X, Krammer G, Meillein B, Matchaba P, Gimona A, Hawkey CJ (2004) Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the Therapeutic Arthritis Research and Gastrointestinal Event Trial (TARGET), reduction in ulcer complications: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:665–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuijt MP, Huntjens-Fleuren HWHA, de Metz M, Vollard EJ (2009) The interaction of ibuprofen and diclofenac with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Br J Pharmacol 157:931–934

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, Simon LS, Pincus T, Whelton A, Makuch R, Eisen G, Agrawal NM, Stenson WF, Burr AM, Zhao WW, Kent JD, Lefkowith JB, Verburg KM, Geis GS (2000) Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 284:1247–1255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh G, Wu O, Langhorne P, Madhok R (2006) Risk of acute myocardial infarction with nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 8:R153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon DH, Glynn RJ, Rothman KJ, Schneeweiss S et al (2008a) Subgroup analyses to determine cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs in specific patient groups. Arthritis Rheum 59:1097–1104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon SD, Wittes J, Finn PV, Fowler R, Viner J, Bertagnolli MM, Arber N, Levin B, Meinert CL, Martin B (2008b) Cardiovascular risk of celecoxib in 6 randomized placebo-controlled trials. The cross trial safety analysis. Circulation 117:2104–2113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strand V (2007) Are COX-2 inhibitors preferable to non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with risk of cardiovascular events taking low-dose aspirin? Lancet 370:2138–2151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strand V, Hochberg MC (2002) The risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events with selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum 47:349–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker K, Yu S, Krammer G (2008) A 6-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, clinical safety study of lumiracoxib and rofecoxib in osteoarthritis patients. BMC Musculoskel Dis 9:118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ (2004) Failing the public health–rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA. N Engl J Med 351:1707–1709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ (2005) Arthritis medicines and cardiovascular events–“house of coxibs”. JAMA 293(3):366–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, Egger M, Jüni P (2011) Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. Br Med J 342:7086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turesson C, Jarenros A, Jacobsson L (2004) Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a community based study. Ann Rheum Dis 63:952–955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Staa TP, Reitbrock S, Setakis E, Leufkens HGM (2008) Does the varied use of NSAIDs explain the differences in the risk of myocardial infarction? J Intern Med 264(5):481–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velo GP, Minuz P, Arosio E, Capuzzo MG, Covi G, Lechi A (1987) Interaction between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. In: Rainsford KD, Velo GP (eds) Side-effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, Part 1: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. MTP, Lancaster, pp 195–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Waksman JC, Brody A, Phillips SD (2007) Nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk: are they safe? Ann Pharmacother 41:1163–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webert KE, Kelton JG (2004) Acetylsalicylic acid fro the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. In: Rainsford KD (ed) Aspirin and related drugs. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 619–633

    Google Scholar 

  • White WB, West CR, Borer JS, Gorelick PB, Lavange L, Pan SX, Weiner E, Verburg KM (2007) Risk of casrdiovascular events in patients receiving Celecoxib: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 99:91–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf K, Castrop H, Hartner A, Goppelt-Strübe M, Hilgers K, Kurtz A (1999) Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the macula densa. Hypertension 34:503–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bak S, Andersen M, Tsiropoulos I, García Rodríguez LA, Hallas J, Christensen K, Gaist D (2003) Risk of stroke associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a nested case–control study. Stroke 34:379–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter CM, Jick H, Meier CR (2005) Current use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Pharmacotherapy 25:503–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fosbøl EL, Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH (2010) Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among healthy individuals. Expert Opin Drug Saf 9:893–903

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray WA, Stein CM, Daugherty JR, Hall K, Arbogast PG, Griffin MR (2002) COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease. Lancet 360:1071–1073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray W, Stein CM, Hall K, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR (2003) Non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs and the risks of serious coronary heart disease: an observational study. Lancet 359:118–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlienger RG, Jick H, Meier CR (2002) Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of first-time acute myocardial infarction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 54:327–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson DJ, Rhodes T, Cai B, Guess HA (2002) Lower risk of thromboemboloc cardiovascular events with naproxen among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 162:1105–1110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Basel

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rainsford, K.D. (2012). Cardiovascular Safety. In: Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Side Effects. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0496-7_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics