“Not merely wifely devotion”: Collaborating in the Construction of Science at Terling Place

Opitz, Donald L.

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0286-4_3

Donald L. Opitz⁴

Part of the book series: Science Networks. Historical Studies ((SNHS,volume 44))

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Abstract

In this chapter I critique the literary construction of the scientific practice of John Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh as a solitary pursuit within a domain separated from family life, and I analyze, instead, the science of his home, Terling Place, as a collaboration with his wife Evelyn Strutt, Baroness Rayleigh. As opposed to judging the character of their marital collaboration anachronistically through a professional lens, I analyze Terling science within the context of late-Victorian country-house society characterized by an aristocratic, evangelical-Anglican orientation. This case demonstrates how collaboration can be an unstable construct reliant upon the meanings imbued by the historical subjects and their discursive representations.

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Notes

1.
On “family firms”: Helena M. Pycior, Nancy G. Slack, and Pnina G. Abir-Am, “Introduction,” in Helena M. Pycior, Nancy G. Slack and Pnina G. Abir-Am, eds., Creative Couples in the Sciences (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996), p. 4. For a similar argument regarding constructions of Thomas Huxley, see Paul White, Thomas Huxley: Making the “Man of Science” (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
2.
Ruth Perry, “Introduction,” in Ruth Perry and Martine Watson Brownley, eds., Mothering the Mind: Twelve Studies of Writers and Their Silent Partners (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1984), p. 5. On the “mask of gender” and women in science: Suzanne Le-May Sheffield, Revealing New Worlds: Three Victorian Naturalists (New York: Routledge, 2001), pp. 195–217.
3.
The most important of the domestic biographies are Robert John Strutt (fourth Baron Rayleigh), John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh, O. M, F. R. S., Sometime President of the Royal Society and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge (London: E. Arnold and Co, 1924); Strutt, et al., The Strutt Family of Terling, 1845–1973 (Marks Tey, Essex: Privately printed, 1980); Lady Frances Balfour, Ne Obliviscaris: Dinna Forget, 2 vols. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930); and Blanche E. C. Dugdale, Family Homespun (London: John Murray, 1940).
4.
Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: University Press, 1963), pp. 1–4.
5.
Sir Evelyn Wrench, “The British Way: Great Britain’s Major Gifts to Freedom, Democratic Government, Science, and Society,” The National Geographic 95 (1949), 524.
6.
Sir William Gavin, Ninety Years of Family Farming: The Story of Lord Rayleigh’s and Strutt & Parker Farms (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p. 30.
7.
John N. Howard, “John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh,” Applied Optics 3 (1964), 1100; Price, Little Science, Big Science (ref. 4).
8.
Alvin M. Weinberg, “Impact of Large-Scale Science on the United States,” Science 134, no. 3473 (1961), 161–164; Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly, eds, Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992).
9.
Gavin, Ninety Years of Family Farming (ref. 6), p. 70.
10.
Price, Little Science, Big Science (ref. 4), p. 3.
11.
A. C. Egerton, “Lord Rayleigh, 1875–1947,” Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 6 (1949), 503, Alfred B. Garrett, The Flash of Genius (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1963), pp. 208–213.
12.
Simon Schaffer, “Physics Laboratories and the Victorian Country House,” in Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar, eds., Making Space for Science: Territorial Themes in the Shaping of Knowledge (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), p. 169; on solitude, Steven Shapin, “‘The Mind Is Its Own Place’: Science and Solitude in Seventeenth-Century England,” Science in Context 4 (1990), 191–218; on genius, Simon Schaffer, “Genius in Romantic Natural Philosophy,” in Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine, eds., Romanticism and the Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 82–98; and on separate-spheres, Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 1–9.
13.
Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988); Christopher Tolley, Domestic Biography: The Legacy of Evangelicalism in Four Nineteenth-Century Families (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). For other examples see Geoffrey N. Cantor, “The Scientist as Hero: Public Images of Michael Faraday,” in Michael Shortland and Richard Yeo, eds., Telling Lives in Science: Essays on Scientific Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 171–193; and Anne Secord, “‘Be what you would seem to be’: Samuel Smiles, Thomas Edward, and the Making of a Working-Class Hero,” Science in Context 16 (2003), 147–173. On the pedagogic function of scientific biography more generally, see Thomas Söderqvist, “‘The Game of History Fell Under More Odium than that of Biography’: The Delicate Relations between Scientific Biography and the Historiography of Science,” in Thomas Söderqvist, ed., The History and Poetics of Scientific Biography (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 241–262.
14.
On prescriptions for the paterfamilias role, see especially John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
15.
Lady Gwendolyn Cecil, Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury, Vol. 1 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1921), pp. 175–176.
16.
Ann B. Shteir, Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora’s Daughters and Botany in England, 1760–1860 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 79–104; Bernard Lightman, Victorian Popularizers of Science: Designing Nature for New Audiences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
17.
Robert John Strutt (fourth Baron Rayleigh), Life of John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh, reprint, of original [1924], aug. with an introduction by John N. Howard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968), p. 256.
18.
Ibid., p. 257.
19.
Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 21.
20.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), p. 76.
21.
Dugdale, Family Homespun (ref. 3), p. 163.
22.
Evelyn Rayleigh, “Notes,” Rayleigh papers, Terling Place, Essex (hereafter: TP).
23.
Philip Burne-Jones’s father, Sir Edward, was a noted painter associated with the Pre-Raphaelites; see Elizabeth Prettejohn, The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
24.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 275–276.
25.
C. V. Boys, “Quartz Fibres,” Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 12 (1889), 556: “I may perhaps be pardoned if I express my conviction that in these days we are too apt to depart from the simple ways of our fathers, and instead of following them, to fall down and worship the brazen image which the instrument-maker hath set up.” The allusion is to the worship of the Phoenician idol, Baal (or Moloch), recorded in the ancient Greek Diodorus Siculus’s history (20.14) and condemned in various books of the Old Testament (for example, Leviticus 18.21); see John Day, Molech: A God of Human Sacrifice in the Old Testament (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
26.
Martin J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
27.
“‘Echo’ Portrait Gallery: Lord Rayleigh, F. R. S,” The Essex County Chronicle, Chelmsford, September 15, 1891, TP.
28.
A. B. Balfour to E. G. M. Rayleigh, Whittingehame, January 26, 1896, TP. Richard F. Hirsh, “A Conflict of Principles: The Discovery of Argon and the Debate over Its Existence,” Ambix 28 (1981); Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 187–225.
29.
Cooperative News, July 5, 1919 (untitled news clipping), TP.
30.
George Lillie Craik, Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties: Its Pleasures and Rewards, Vol. 2 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1839), p. 8.
31.
Balfour, Ne Obliviscaris: Dinna Forget (ref. 3), Vol. 1, p. 203.
32.
Sir Arthur Schuster quantified Lord Rayleigh’s productivity by tabulating the distribution of publications across 5-year intervals over his career. Beginning in 1871, the successive 5-year totals ranged between 32 and 60 papers, for a sum of 446 papers (an output that places him within the top 3% of Price’s “highly prolific, major contributors”). See Arthur Schuster, “John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh, 1842–1919,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Ser. A, 93 (1920–21), xxviii–xxix; Price, Little Science, Big Science (ref. 4), p. 49.
33.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 254–258.
34.
Schuster, “John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh, 1842–1919” (ref. 32), p. l.
35.
Balfour, Ne Obliviscaris: Dinna Forget (ref. 3), Vol. 1, p. 401.
36.
Dugdale, Family Homespun (ref. 3), p. 164.
37.
Gavin, Ninety Years of Family Farming (ref. 6), p. 38.
38.
Janet M. Oppenheim, “A Mother’s Role, a Daughter’s Duty: Lady Blanche Balfour, Eleanor Sidgwick, and Feminist Perspectives,” Journal of British Studies 34 (1995), 196–232.
39.
E. G. M. Balfour, “Natural History: The Argonaut or Paper Nautilus,” The Whittinghame Advertiser, Ser. 1., No. 4 (1864), Balfour Papers GD433/2/93/12, National Archives of Scotland. On the Balfour family’s collaboration in natural history: Donald L. Opitz, “‘Behind Folding Shutters in Whittingehame House’: Alice Blanche Balfour (1850–1936) and Amateur Natural History,” Archives of Natural History 31 (2004), 330–348.
40.
A record of her attendance at a Royal Institution Lecture is provided in a letter by her brother: F. M. Balfour to E. G. M. Balfour, Terling, November 25, 1866, TP. Arthur Balfour, Strutt and Henry Sidgwick met at Trinity College, Cambridge, at the dining table for fellows. Balfour inherited his family’s estate and pursued a career in politics, culminating in his service as Prime Minister between 1902 and 1905. An author of philosophical treatises and deeply interested in science, he promoted the advancement of British science through his own private support of research and his efforts to secure national endowments. See Robert John Strutt (fourth Baron Rayleigh), Lord Balfour in Relation to His Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930); and Donald L. Opitz, “Cultivating Genetics in the Country: Whittingehame Lodge, Cambridge,” in Charles W. J. Withers and David N. Livingstone, eds., Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), pp. 73–99.
41.
Hermann Helmholtz, Die lehre von den tonempfindungen als physiologische gundlage für die theorie der musik (Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und sohn, 1863); Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), p. 55. Nora Balfour recorded the loan in her diary (no longer extant): Ethel Sidgwick, Mrs. Henry Sidgwick: A Memoir (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938), p. 23.
42.
F. M. Balfour to E. G. M. Balfour, Harrow, February 7, 1870, TP. Francis Balfour had a noted career in biology, culminating in his appointment as Professor of Animal Morphology at the University of Cambridge: Brian K. Hall, “Francis Maitland Balfour (1851–1882): A Founder of Evolutionary Embryology,” Journal of Experimental Zoology 299B (2003), 3–8; H. Blackman, “A Spiritual Leader? Cambridge Zoology, Mountaineering and the Death of F. M. Balfour,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35 (2004), 93–117.
43.
J. W. Strutt to E. G. M. Balfour, Terling Place, October 29, 1870, TP.
44.
J. W. Strutt to E. G. M. Balfour, Terling Place, n. d. [June or July 1871], TP.
45.
E. G. M. Balfour to J. W. Strutt, London, July 3, 1871, TP.
46.
E. G. M. Strutt to J. W. Strutt, Terling Place, August 2, [1871], TP.
47.
M. Jeanne Peterson, Family, Love, and Work in the Lives of Victorian Gentlewomen (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp. 162–166.
48.
Paul White, “Science at Home: The Space between Henrietta Heathorn and Thomas Huxley,” History of Science 34 (1996), 33–56.
49.
G. G. Stokes to M. Robinson, London, June 18, 1857, quoted in Joseph Larmor, ed., Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907), pp. 70–71.
50.
Rev. James Robertson, Lady Blanche Balfour: A Reminiscence (Edinburgh: Oliphant and Ferrier, 1897), pp. 33–34; Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 9–10.
51.
Samuel Smiles, Character, [1871] rev. ed, Self Help Series (Chicago: Bedford, Clarke and Company, 1881), 336.
52.
Ibid., pp. 356–362. Despite Smiles’s inclusion of the Hamiltons, historians have noted the strife in their marriage; see Thomas L. Hankins, Sir William Rowan Hamilton (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), pp. 114–126.
53.
J. W. Strutt to E. G. M. Balfour, Terling Place, July 2, [1871], TP.
54.
J. C. Maxwell to J. W. Strutt, Glenlair, July 8, 1871 (photocopy), TP. Much of this letter is quoted in Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 59–60.
55.
E. G. M. Balfour to J. W. Strutt, 23 Arlington St, London, 10 July [1871], TP.
56.
J. W. Strutt to E. G. M. Balfour, Terling Place, July 15, 1871, TP.
57.
Ibid.
58.
E. G. M. Strutt to B. Balfour, Terling Place, n. d. [1871], TP; Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 408–409.
59.
See for example Ibid., p. 156.
60.
E. G. M. Strutt to Lady B. Balfour, Terling Place, n. d. [1871], TP. Emily Faithfull was daughter of the Rector at Hatfield and long-time friend to the Balfour family; Robertson, Lady Blanche Balfour: A Reminiscence, pp. 8–9, 20.
61.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 6, 218, 58, 360, Dugdale, Family Homespun (ref. 3), p. 163.
62.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), p. 156.
63.
Ibid., pp. 64, 149–165; Schaffer, “Physics Laboratories and the Victorian Country House” (ref. 12), pp. 162–167; A. T. Humphrey, “Lord Rayleigh – the Last of the Great Victorian Polymaths,” GEC Review 7 (1992), 167–188; and Peter Tooley, “The Terling Laboratory,” Chemistry in Britain 15 (1979), 284–285.
64.
The technicians included Beauchamp Tower (in service from 1875 to 1876), Arnulph Mallock (1876) George Gordon (1880–1904), and J. K. Enoch (1905–1908).
65.
J. W. Strutt to C. Rayleigh, Minich (near Cairo), December 25, 1872, TP; Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 60–63. Strutt completed much of volume I of his acoustics treatise on this trip: John William Strutt (third Baron Rayleigh), On the Theory of Sound, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1878–1879).
66.
E. G. M. Strutt to J. W. Strutt, Terling Place, n. d. [1873], TP.
67.
E. G. M. Strutt to J. W. Strutt, Schwalbach, July 12, 1879, TP. She read Arthur James Balfour, A Defence of Philosophic Doubt, Being an Essay on the Foundations of Belief (London: Macmillan, 1879), and Stephen Parkinson, An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics, for the Use of the Junior Classes at the University and the Higher Classes in Schools (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1855).
68.
E. G. M. Strutt to J. W. Strutt, Schwalbach, July 20, 1879, TP.
69.
J. W. Strutt to E. G. M. Strutt, Terling Place, August 1, 1879, TP.
70.
E. G. M. Strutt to J. W. Strutt, Terling Place, November 25, 1884, TP.
71.
J. W. Strutt to E. G. M. Strutt, Terling Place, August 8, 1879, TP.
72.
H. H. Turner, Annual Report of the Savilian Professor of Astronomy … for 1909 to 1910, Miscellaneous Papers of the University Observatory, Oxford, IV (1910–1914), p. 6; Peggy Aldrich Kidwell, “Women Astronomers in Britain, 1780–1930,” Isis 75 (1984), 579.
73.
E. G. M. Strutt, “Notes” (manuscript), TP; compare Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), p. 134.
74.
J. W. Strutt, “Experimental Notebook, 1878–89, Part 11” (photocopy of original), TP.
75.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 152–153, 302–306; John William (third Baron Rayleigh), “On our Perception of Sound Direction,” in Strutt, Scientific Papers, Vol. 5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1899–1920), pp. 347–363.
76.
Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 44.
77.
Mary Somerville, Personal Recollections from Early Life to Old Age of Mary Somerville, ed. Martha C. Somerville (London: John Murray, 1873), pp. 109, 122, 138–139, 145, and 252; Kathryn A. Neeley, Mary Somerville: Science, Illumination, and the Female Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 184–189; on tropes of feminine modesty, see Mary Jean Corbett, Representing Femininity: Middle-Class Subjectivity in Victorian and Edwardian Women’s Autobiography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
78.
The Ladies’ Field, London, June 18, 1898 (untitled newspaper clipping), TP.
79.
James A. Secord, “How Scientific Conversation Became Shop Talk,” in Aileen Fyfe and Bernard Lightman, eds., Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 23–59.
80.
Dugdale, Family Homespun (ref. 3), p. 164.
81.
Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), p. 256.
82.
E. M. Sidgwick, “Notes,” January 1920 (manuscript), TP; compare Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), p. 257. On Rayleigh’s collaborations with Sidgwick, John N. Howard, “Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick and the Rayleighs,” Applied Optics 3 (1964), 1120–1122; and Raymond W. Schmitt, “The Salt Fingers of Jevons (1857) and Rayleigh (1880),” Journal of Physical Oceanography 25 (1995), 8–17. Sidgwick was an important promoter of women’s university education in science; see especially Sidgwick, Mrs. Henry Sidgwick (ref. 41), pp. 27–89 and 116–171.
83.
Rayleigh, “Diary,” Vol. 2, entry for 10 September 1888, at Whittingehame, p. 26, TP; Strutt, Lord Balfour in Relation to His Science (ref. 40), pp. 15–16.
84.
Balfour, Ne Obliviscaris: Dinna Forget (ref. 3), Vol I, p. 400. According to Dugdale, “Aunt Evelyn was the best talker of the three [Balfour] sisters”: Dugdale, Family Homespun (ref. 3), p. 89.
85.
E. Rayleigh, “Notes,” TP.
86.
Clara Strutt (Lady Rayleigh), The British Association’s Visit to Montreal, 1884: Letters by Clara Lady Rayleigh (London: Privately printed, 1885), p. 86, TP (emphasis in original).
87.
E. Rayleigh, “Diary,” Vol. 1, entry for June 13, 1888, at Terling, pp. 21–22, TP.
88.
E. Rayleigh, “Diary,” Vol. 2, entry for August 9, 1894, at Merton College, Oxford, p. 91, TP.
89.
Sidgwick, Mrs. Henry Sidgwick (ref. 41), p. 288; also Dugdale, Family Homespun (ref. 3), p. 164.
90.
Strutt, “The Travelling Cyclone,” in Strutt, Scientific Papers (ref. 75), Vol. 6, p. 372.
91.
Agnes Pockels, “Surface Tension,” Nature 43, no. 1115 (1891), 437–439. On Pockels: C. H. Giles and S. D. Forrester, “The Origins of the Surface Film Balance: Studies in the History of Surface Chemistry, Part 3,” Chemistry and Industry (January 9, 1971), 43–53.
92.
Rayleigh, Scientific Papers (ref. 75), Vol. 2, p. 352.
93.
Rayleigh, Scientific Papers (ref. 75), Vol. 5, p. 184.
94.
Rayleigh, Life of Rayleigh (ref. 17), p. 319.
95.
Extant in the Rayleigh papers at Terling Place are three sets of Lady Rayleigh’s biographical notes about Lord Rayleigh – a set about his undergraduate years at Cambridge, a set about his adult life, and, added to this, a set about his temperament and beliefs. In addition, Lady Rayleigh kept a diary between 1888 and 1927. The diary manuscript comprises eight volumes; these were subsequently combined in a two-volume typescript by Eleanor Sidgwick with a view toward posthumous publication. The first edition of the son’s biography of Lord Rayleigh makes liberal use of the notes and diary without attribution but with some editing. The augmented edition edited by John Howard includes excerpts from the manuscript sources in appended notes; Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), pp. 399–432.
96.
Donald L. Opitz, “‘This house is a temple of research’: Country-House Centres for Late-Victorian Science,” in David Clifford, Elisabeth Wadge, Alex Warwick and Martin Willis, eds., Repositioning Victorian Sciences: Shifting Centres in Nineteenth-Century Scientific Thinking (London: Anthem Press, 2006), pp. 143–153.
97.
Barbara J. Becker, “Dispelling the Myth of the Able Assistant: Margaret and William Huggins at Work in the Tulse Hill Observatory,” in Creative Couples in the Sciences (ref. 1), p. 98.
98.
Gavin, Ninety Years of Family Farming (ref. 6), p. 70.
99.
The painting is reproduced as an illustration in Strutt, Life of John William Strutt (ref. 17), between pp. 250 and 251; a rendition appears in Humphrey, “Lord Rayleigh” (ref. 63), p. 175. Copies also hang in the Royal Institution, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Acknowledgments

For kind permission to access and quote from unpublished manuscript materials, the author gratefully acknowledges Lord Rayleigh, Terling Place, Essex, and Mr. Andrew Michael Brander, Whittingehame Tower, East Lothian. The present chapter was based on archive research supported by the National Science Foundation, SES-00994442 (2001), and expands upon chapter 5 of my doctoral dissertation, Donald Luke Opitz, “Aristocrats and Professionals: Country-House Science in Late-Victorian Britain” (University of Minnesota, 2004), pp. 110–143.

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, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Tech, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
Annette Lykknes
, School for New Learning, DePaul University, Chicago, 60202, Illinois, USA
Donald L. Opitz
Voie du Vieux Quartier 18, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Brigitte Van Tiggelen

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Opitz, D.L. (2012). “Not merely wifely devotion”: Collaborating in the Construction of Science at Terling Place. In: Lykknes, A., Opitz, D., Van Tiggelen, B. (eds) For Better or For Worse? Collaborative Couples in the Sciences. Science Networks. Historical Studies, vol 44. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0286-4_3

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