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Adjuvants and the Initiation of T-Cell Responses

  • Chapter
Vaccine Adjuvants

Part of the book series: Infectious Disease ((ID))

Abstract

Despite extensive study and use of adjuvants that promote initiation of T-cell responses, we are only now beginning to understand the mechanistic basis for the adjuvant effect. This rapidly increasing understanding is a result of several factors including advances in our fundamental understanding of the requirements of T-cell activation, a developing appreciation of the importance of innate immunity in T-cell activation, and realization that dendritic cells (DCs) play the central role as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells. Furthermore, previous studies of adjuvants were largely empirical although new approaches are allowing much more detailed and quantitative studies of the in vivo activation of antigen (Ag)-specific T cells. Impetus for studying the mechanisms by which adjuvants influence T-cell responses is provided by their tremendous importance in developing vaccination strategies to prevent and treat diseases. In addition to the classical adjuvant formulations, most of which include bacterial cell wall components, numerous other substances with adjuvant effects have been described and the list continues to grow. The ability to activate DCs and induce production of inflammatory cytokines is emerging as a critical feature shared by most if not all adjuvants, and recent studies are beginning to suggest ways in which these cytokines contribute to T-cell proliferation and differentiation. This chapter examines the requirements for effective activation of T-cell responses and discusses how adjuvants and their effects on DCs can or might contribute at each stage.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

    Matthew F. Mescher PhD

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

    Julie M. Curtsinger PhD

  3. Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

    Marc Jenkins PhD

Authors
  1. Matthew F. Mescher PhD
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  2. Julie M. Curtsinger PhD
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  3. Marc Jenkins PhD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD

    Charles J. Hackett PhD

  2. Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

    Donald A. Harn Jr. MD

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© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

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Mescher, M.F., Curtsinger, J.M., Jenkins, M. (2006). Adjuvants and the Initiation of T-Cell Responses. In: Hackett, C.J., Harn, D.A. (eds) Vaccine Adjuvants. Infectious Disease. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-970-7_4

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