Skip to main content

Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Synthetic Lipid A Mimetics As TLR4-Based Adjuvants and Immunomodulators

  • Chapter
Vaccine Adjuvants

Abstract

MPL adjuvant, a monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) derivative of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota R595, and RC-529, a synthetic lipid A mimetic, are promising adjuvant candidates for a number of human vaccines and have been shown to be safe, well-tolerated, and to effectively enhance immune responses to co-administered vaccine antigens. Preliminary evidence suggests that, like LPS, MLA and RC-529 activate cells via the pattern recognition receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Nauts HC, Swift WE, Corley BL. Treatment of malignant tumors by bacterial toxins as developed by the late William B. Coley, M.D., reviewed in light of modern research. Cancer Res 1946;6:205–216.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hall SS. A Commotion in the Blood. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Munoz J. Effects of bacteria and bacteria products on antibody response. In: Dixon FJ, Kunkel HG, eds. Advances in Immunology. New York: Academic Press, 1964, pp. 397–440.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Johnson AG, Gaines S, Landy M. Studies of the O antigen of Salmonella typhosa V. Enhancement of antibody response to protein antigens by the purified lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 1956;103:225–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ribi EE, Strain SM, Mizuno Y, et al. Peptides as requirement for immunotherapy of the guinea-pig line-10 tumor with endotoxins. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1979;7:43–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson DA, Sowell CG, Johnson CL, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new class of vaccine adjuvants: Aminoalkyl glucosaminide 4-phosphates (AGPs). Biog Med Chem Lett 1999;9:2273–2278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dupont J-C, Altclas J, Sigelchifer M, Von Eschen EB, Timmermans I, Wagener A. Efficacy and safety of AgB/RC529: A novel two dose adjuvant vaccine against hepatitis B. 2002; 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hagen SR, Thompson JD, Snyder DS, Myers KR. Analysis of a monophosphoryl lipid A immunostimulant preparation from Salmonella Minnesota R595 by highperformance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997;767:53–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nowotny A. Heterogeneity in endotoxins. In: Rietschel E, ed. Handbook of Endotoxin Vol. 1: Chemistry of Endotoxin. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 1984, pp. 308–338.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Caroff M, Deprun C, Karibian D, Szabo L. Analysis of unmodified endotoxin preparations by 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Determination of molecular masses of the constituent native lipopolysaccharides. J Biol Chem 1991;266:18543–18549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Trent MS, Pabich W, Raetz CR, Miller SI. A PhoP/PhoQ-induced Lipase (PagL) that catalyzes 3-0-deacylation of lipid A precursors in membranes of Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 2001;276:9083–9092.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brozek KA, Raetz CRH. Biosynthesis of Lipid A in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1990;265:15410–15417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ulrich JT, Myers KR. Monophosphoryllipid A as an Adjuvant. Past experiences and new directions. In: Powell MF, Newman MJ, eds. Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach. New York: Plenum Press, 1995, pp. 495–524.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Persing DH, Coler RN, Lacy MJ, et al. Taking toll: Lipid A mimetics as adjuvants and immunomodulators. Trends Microbiol 2002;10:S32–S37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Qureshi N, Takayama K. Structure and function of lipid A. In: Iglewski BH, Clark VL, eds. The Bacteria, Vol. XI. Madison, WI: Academic Press, Inc., 1990, pp. 319–338.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Baldridge JR. A synthetic adjuvant, RC-529, moves into the clinic. 3rd Meeting on Novel Adjuvants Currently in/Close to Human Clinical Testing, Foundation Merieux, Annecy, France, January 7–9, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Seydel U, Labischinski H, Kastowsky M, Brandenburg K. Phase behavior, supramolecular structure, and molecular conformation of lipopolysaccharide. Immunobiol 1993;187:191–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fukuoka S, Brandenburg K, Muller M, Lindner B, Koch MH, Seydel U. Physicochemical analysis of lipid A fractions of lipopolysaccharide from Erwinia carotovora in relation to bioactivity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001;1510:185–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fukase K, Oikawa M, Suda Y, et al. New synthesis and conformational analysis of lipid A: biological activity and supramolecular assembly. J Endotoxin Res 1999;5:46–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brandenburg K, Matsuura M, Heine H, et al. Biophysical characterization of triacyl monosaccharide lipid a partial structures in relation to bioactivity. Biophys J 2002;83:322–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Baldridge JR, Cluff CW, Evans JT, et al. Immunostimulatory activity of amino alkyl glucosaminide 4-phosphates (AGPs): induction of protective innate immune responses by RC-524 and RC-529. J Endotoxin Res 2002;8:453–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Johnson DA, Keegan DS, Sowell CG, et al. 3-O-Desacyl monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives: synthesis and immunostimulant activities. J Med Chem 1999;42:4640–4649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Evans JT, Cluff CW, Johnson DA, Lacy MJ, Persing DH, Baldridge JR. Enhancement of antigen-specific immunity via the TLR4 ligands MPL adjuvant and Ribi. 529. Expert Review Vaccines 2003;2:89–99.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Keegan DS, Johnson DA, Hagen SR. Efficient asymmetric synthesis of (R)-hydroxyand alkanoyloxytetradecanoic acids and method for the determination of enantiomeric purity. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996;7:3559–3564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ribi EE, Granger DL, Milner KC, Strain SM. Tumor regression caused by endotoxins and mycobacterial fractions. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975;55:1253–1257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ulrich JT, Masihi KN, Lange W. Mechanisms of nonspecific resistance to microbial infections induced by trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). In: Masihi KN, Lange W, eds. Advances in the Biosciences. London: Pergamon Journals Ltd., 1988, pp. 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Masihi KN, Lange W, Johnson AG, Ribi E. Enhancement of chemiluminescence and phagocytic activities by nontoxic and toxic forms of lipid A. J Biol Response Mod 1986;5:462–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pohle C, Rohde-Schulz B, Masihi KN. Effects of synthetic HIV peptides, cytokines and monophosphoryl lipid A on chemiluminescence response. In: Masihi KN, Lange W, eds. Immunotherapeutic Prospects of Infectious Diseases. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1990, pp. 143–149.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Saha DC, Barua RS, Astiz ME, Rackow EC, Eales-Reynolds U. Monophosphoryl lipid A stimulated up-regulation of reactive oxygen intermediates in human monocytes in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 2001;70:381–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wijburg OL, van den Dobbelsteen GP, Vadolas J, Sanders A, Strugnell RA, van Rooijen N. The role of macrophages in the induction and regulation of immunity elicited by exogenous antigens. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:479–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. De Becker G, Moulin V, Pajak B, et al. The adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A increases the function of antigen-presenting cells. Int Immuno 2000;12:807–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Poltorak A, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Citterio S, Beutler B. Physical contact between lipopolysaccharide and toll-like receptor 4 revealed by genetic complementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:2163–2167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Poltorak A, He X, Smimova I, et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998;282:2085–2088.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ismaili J, Rennesson J, Aksoy E, et al. Monophosphoryl lipid A activates both human dendritic cells and T cells. J Immunol 2002;168:926–932.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Luster AD. The role of chemokines in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2002;14:129–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Belardelli F, Ferrantini M. Cytokines as a link between innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Trends Immunol 2002;23:201–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gustafson GL, Rhodes MI. Effects of tumor necrosis factor and dexamethasone on the regulation of interferon-γ induction by monophosphoryl lipid A. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1994;15:129–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. da Silva CJ, Soldau K, Christen U, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ. Lipopolysaccharide is in close proximity to each of the proteins in its membrane receptor complex. transfer from CD14 to TLR4 and MD-2. J Biol Chem 2001;276:21129–21135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. da Silva CJ, Ulevitch RJ. MD-2 and TLR4 N-linked glycosylations are important for a functional lipopolysaccharide receptor. J Biol Chem 2002;277:1845–1854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Martin M, Michalek SM, Katz J. Role of innate immune factors in the adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A. Infect Immun 2003;71:2498–2507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Baldridge JR, Yorgensen Y, Ward JR, Ulrich JT. Monophosphoryllipid A enhances mucosal and systemic immunity to vaccine antigens following intranasal administration. Vaccine 2000;18:2416–2425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wheeler AW, Marshall JS, Ulrich JT. A Thl-inducing adjuvant, MPL, enhances antibody profiles in experimental animals suggesting it has the potential to improve the efficacy of allergy vaccines. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001;126:135–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. VanCott TC, Kaminski RW, Mascola JR, et al. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in the genital and respiratory tracts of mice intranasally immunized with oligomeric gp160. J Immunol 1998;160:2000–2012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Doherty TM, Olsen AW, van Pinxteren L, Andersen P. Oral vaccination with subunit vaccines protects animals against aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2002;70:3111–3121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Thoelen S, Van Damme P, Mathei C, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a hepatitis B vaccine formulated with a novel adjuvant system. Vaccine 1998;16:708–714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Thoelen S, De Clercq N, Tornieporth N. A prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine with a novel adjuvant system. Vaccine 2001;19:2400–2403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stanberry LR, Spruance SL, Cunningham AL, et al. Glycoprotein-D-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1652–1661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Vernacchio L, Bernstein H, Pelton S, et al. Effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL((R)) on T-helper cells when administered as an adjuvant with pneumocococcal-CRM(197) conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers. Vaccine 2002;20:3658–3667.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Drachenberg KJ, Wheeler AW, Stuebner P, Horak F. A well-tolerated grass pollenspecific allergy vaccine containing a novel adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, reduces allergic symptoms after only four preseasonal injection. Allergy 2001;56:498–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Desombere I, Van der WM, Van Damme P, et al. Immune response of HLA DQ2 positive subjects vaccinated with HBsAg/AS04 a hepatitis B vaccine with a vel adjuvant. Vaccine 2002;202597–2602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jacques P, Moens G, Desombere I, et al. The immunogenicity and reactogenicity profile of a candidate hepatitis B vaccine in an adult vaccine non-responder population. Vaccine 2002;20:3644–3649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Stoute JA, Slaoui M, Heppner DG, et al. A preliminary evaluation of a recombinant circumsporozoite protein vaccine against plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 1997;336:86–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sosman JA, Unger JM, Liu PY, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: impact of HLA class I antigen expression on outcome. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:2067–2075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baldridge, J., Myers, K., Johnson, D., Persing, D., Cluff, C., Hershberg, R. (2006). Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Synthetic Lipid A Mimetics As TLR4-Based Adjuvants and Immunomodulators. In: Hackett, C.J., Harn, D.A. (eds) Vaccine Adjuvants. Infectious Disease. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-970-7_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics