Abstract
Pediatric research and development is typically poorly funded in both academic and industrial settings creating greater incentive for optimized trial designs with high degree of technical success. Likewise, the application of modeling and simulation approaches is extremely valuable in the evaluation of pediatric trial design. Beyond bridging adult dose-exposure relationships, pediatric clinical trial simulation models must accommodate relevant developmental, maturational, and size relationships on both PK and PD expressions. Design considerations that address sample size per age strata, the probability of achieving adult exposure-response targets, and assumptions regarding PD response vs. outcomes are especially valuable in the support of pediatric drug development and/or dosing guidance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abernethy DR, Burckart GJ (2010) Pediatric dose selection. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87(3):270–271
Anderson BJ, Holford NH (2008) Mechanism-based concepts of size and maturity in pharmacokinetics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48:303–332
Arndt C, Hawkins D, Anderson JR, Breitfeld P, Womer R, Meyer W (2004) Age is a risk factor for chemotherapy-induced hepatopathy with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. J Clin Oncol 22(10):1894–1901
Barrett JS, Patel D, Jayaraman B, Narayan M, Zuppa A (2008a) Key performance indicators for the assessment of pediatric pharmacotherapeutic guidance. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 13:141–155
Barrett JS, Mitchell LG, Patel D, Cox P, Vegh P, Castillo M et al (2008b) A population-based analysis of dalteparin pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients at risk for thromboembolic events. J Clin Pharmacol 48(9):1107
Battino D, Croci D, Rossini A, Messina S, Mamoli D, Perucca E (2005) Topiramate pharmacokinetics in children and adults with epilepsy: a case-matched comparison based on therapeutic drug monitoring data. Clin Pharmacokinet 44(4):407–416
Belik J, Karpinka B, Hart DA (2000) Pulmonary and systemic vascular tissue collagen, growth factor, and cytokine gene expression in the rabbit. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 78(5):400–406
Bellinger DC, Wernovsky G, Rappaport LA, Mayer JE Jr, Castaneda AR, Farrell DM et al (1991) Cognitive development of children following early repair of transposition of the great arteries using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics 87(5):701–707
Bellinger DC, Wypij D, duDuplessis AJ, Rappaport LA, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G et al (2003) Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126(5):1385–1396
Benjamin DK Jr, Smith PB, Jadhav P, Gobburu JV, Murphy MD, Hasselblad V et al (2008) Pediatric antihypertensive trial failures: analysis of end points and dose range. Hypertension 51(4):834–840
Benson DW (1989) Changing profile of congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 83:790–791
Blake MJ, Castro L, Leeder JS, Kearns GL (2005) Ontogeny of drug metabolizing enzymes in the neonate. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 10(2):123–138
Cha BH, Silveira DC, Liu X, Hu Y, Holmes GL (2002) Effect of topiramate following recurrent and prolonged seizures during early development. Epilepsy Res 51(3):217–232
Clapp DW (2006) Developmental regulation of the immune system. Semin Perinatol 30(2):69–72
Crom WR, de Graaf SS, Synold T, Uges DR, Bloemhof H, Rivera G et al (1994) Pharmacokinetics of vincristine in children and adolescents with acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Pediatr 125(4):642–649
Dahlin MG, Ohman IK (2004) Age and antiepileptic drugs influence topiramate plasma levels in children. Pediatr Neurol 31(4):248–253
de Graaf SS, Bloemhof H, Vendrig DE, Uges DR (1995) Vincristine disposition in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 24(4):235–240
Dorschner RA, Lin KH, Murakami M, Gallo RL (2003) Neonatal skin in mice and humans expresses increased levels of antimicrobial peptides: innate immunity during development of the adaptive response. Pediatr Res 53(4):566–572
Engle WA (2004) Age terminology during the perinatal period. Pediatrics 114(5):1362–1364
Ferry P (1990) Neurologic sequelae of open-heart surgery in children: an irritating question. Am J Dis Child 144:369–373
Follett P, Koh S, Volpe J, Jensen F (2000) Protective effects of topiramate in a rodent model of periventricular leukomalacia. Ann Neurol 48:527
Follett PL, Deng W, Dai W, Talos DM, Massillon LJ, Rosenberg PA et al (2004) Glutamate receptor-mediated oligodendrocyte toxicity in periventricular leukomalacia: a protective role for topiramate. J Neurosci 24:4412–4420
Gaynor JW (1998) Use of modified ultrafiltration after repair of congenital heart defects. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 1:81–90
Ge Y, Haska CL, LaFiura K, Devidas M, Linda SB, Liu M et al (2007) Prognostic role of the reduced folate carrier, the major membrane transporter for methotrexate, in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 13(2 Pt 1):451–457
Gidding CE, Meeuwsen-de Boer GJ, Koopmans P, Uges DR, Kamps WA, de Graaf SS (1999) Vincristine pharmacokinetics after repetitive dosing in children. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 44(3):203–209
Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Miller R, Sonawane B (2004) Pediatric pharmacokinetic data: implications for environmental risk assessment for children. Pediatrics 113(4 Suppl):973–983
Gittes GK (2009) Developmental biology of the pancreas: a comprehensive review. Dev Biol 326(1):4–35
Glauser TA, Watemberg N, Mikaeloff Y, Nye JS (2005) Use of topiramate in very young children with refractory infantile spasms or refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 46:200
Groninger E, Meeuwsen-de Boar T, Koopmans P, Uges D, Sluiter W, Veerman A et al (2002) Pharmacokinetics of vincristine monotherapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Res 52(1):113–118
Gupta M, Edginton AN, Willmann S, Adamson PC, Galinkin JL, Barrett JS (2006) Model-based approaches to investigate pharmacogenetic and developmental sources of variation in the pharmacokinetics of Midazolam after oral administration in children. AAPS J 8(S2):W4078
Holford N (2010) Dosing in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87(3):367–370
Holford NH, Kimko HC, Monteleone JP, Peck CC (2000) Simulation of clinical trials. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40:209–234
Jamei M, Dickinson GL, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2009) A framework for assessing inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics using virtual human populations and integrating general knowledge of physical chemistry, biology, anatomy, physiology and genetics: a tale of “bottom-up” vs “top-down” recognition of covariates. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 24(1):53–75
Johnson TN (2008) The problems in scaling adult drug doses to children. Arch Dis Child 93(3):207–211
Johnson TN, Thomson M (2008) Intestinal metabolism and transport of drugs in children: the effects of age and disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47(1):3–10
Johnson TN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT (2006) Prediction of the clearance of eleven drugs and associated variability in neonates, infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 45(9):931–956
Johnson TN, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2008) Development of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in the first year of life. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83(5):670–671
Kearns GL, Robinson PK, Wilson JT, Wilson-Costello D, Knight GR, Ward RM et al (2003) Cisapride disposition in neonates and infants: in vivo reflection of cytochrome P450 3A4 ontogeny. Clin Pharmacol Ther 74(4):312–325
Kohyama J, Iwakawa Y (1990) Developmental changes in phasic sleep parameters as reflections of the brain-stem maturation: polysomnographical examinations of infants, including premature neonates. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 76(4):325–330
Kuentz M, Nick S, Parrott N, Rothlisberger D (2006) A strategy for preclinical formulation development using GastroPlus as pharmacokinetic simulation tool and a statistical screening design applied to a dog study. Eur J Pharm Sci 27(1):91–99
Madabushi R, Cox DS, Hossain M, Boyle DA, Patel BR, Young G, et al (2010) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis for effective argatroban dosing in pediatrics. J Clin Pharmacol, in press
Mikaeloff Y, Rey E, Soufflet C, d’Athis P, Echenne B, Vallee L et al (2004) Topiramate pharmacokinetics in children with epilepsy aged from 6 months to 4 years. Epilepsia 45(11):1448–1452
Mitchell LG, Barrett JS, Cox P, Vegh P, Patel D, Castillo M, et al (2007) Pharmacokinetics and dose-finding of fragmin in pediatric patients at risk for thromboembolic events. In: International society for thrombosis and haemostasis meeting, Geneva
Mondick JT, Gibiansky L, Gastonguay MR, Skolnik JM, Cole M, Veal GJ et al (2008) Population pharmacokinetic investigation of actinomycin-D in children and young adults. J Clin Pharmacol 48(1):35–42
Parrott N, Lukacova V, Fraczkiewicz G, Bolger MB (2009) Predicting pharmacokinetics of drugs using physiologically based modeling – application to food effects. AAPS J 11(1):45–53
Potts AL, Anderson BJ, Warman GR, Lerman J, Diaz SM, Vilo S (2009) Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics in pediatric intensive care – a pooled analysis. Paediatr Anaesth 19(11):1119–1129
Revel-Vilk S, Chan AK (2003) Anticoagulation therapy in children. Semin Thromb Hemost 29(4):425–432
Rodman JH (1994) Pharmacokinetic variability in the adolescent: implications of body size and organ function for dosage regimen design. J Adolesc Health 15(8):654–662
Savidge TC, Lowe DC, Walker WA (2001) Developmental regulation of intestinal epithelial hydrolase activity in human fetal jejunal xenografts maintained in severe-combined immunodeficient mice. Pediatr Res 50(2):196–202
Sethi VS, Kimball JC (1981) Pharmacokinetics of vincristine sulfate in children. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 6(2):111–115
Stevens JC, Marsh SA, Zaya MJ, Regina KJ, Divakaran K, Le M et al (2008) Developmental changes in human liver CYP2D6 expression. Drug Metab Dispos 36(8):1587–1593
Strolin Benedetti M, Baltes EL (2003) Drug metabolism and disposition in children. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17(3):281–299
Tod M, Jullien V, Pons G (2008) Facilitation of drug evaluation in children by population methods and modelling. Clin Pharmacokinet 47(4):231–243
Ward RM, Kauffman R (2007) Future of pediatric therapeutics: reauthorization of BPCA and PREA. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81(4):477–479
Wernovsky G (2006) Current insights regarding neurological and developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex congenital cardiac disease. Cardiol Young 16:92–104
Willmann S, Schmitt W, Keldenich J, Dressman JB (2003) A physiologic model for simulating gastrointestinal flow and drug absorption in rats. Pharm Res 20(11):1766–1771
Yang F, Tong X, McCarver DG, Hines RN, Beard DA (2006) Population-based analysis of methadone distribution and metabolism using an age-dependent physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 33(4):485–518
Zuppa AF, Barrett JS (2008) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the critically ill child. Pediatr Clin North Am 55(3):735–755, xii
Zuppa AF, Nicolson SC, Adamson PC, Wernovsky G, Mondick JT, Burnham N et al (2006) Population pharmacokinetics of milrinone in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing stage I reconstruction. Anesth Analg 102(4):1062–1069
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Barrett, J.S. (2011). Modeling and Simulation in Pediatric Research and Development. In: Kimko, H., Peck, C. (eds) Clinical Trial Simulations. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7415-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7415-0_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7414-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7415-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)