Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The nature of lignocellulosics and their pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Microbial Reactions

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering ((ABE,volume 23))

Abstract

The imminent shortage of fossil fuels and their skyrocketing prices have intensified research for bioconversion of lignocellulosics to fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and low cost energy resource and is available in vast amounts. Enzymatic hydrolysis of native lignocellulosics is prohibitively slow so that it is difficult to develop an economically viable process; therefore, pretreatment is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic residues to enzyme action. This review encompasses the nature of lignocellulosic materials, the nature of lignocellulosic structural resistance to enzymatic attack, and various pretreatment methods and their mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

6 References

  1. Ander, P., Eriksson, K. E.: In: Progress in Ind. Microbiol. Vol. 14, M. J. Bull (Ed.), p. 1. New York: Elsevier 1978

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson, A. W., Han, Y. W.: NSF-RA-770278, Non Conventional Protein Food Processing Conference, PB-283965, p. 202, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson, D. C, Ralston, A. T.: J. Anim. Sci. 37 (1), 148 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Andren, R. K., Erickson, R. J., Medeiros, J. E.: In: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 6, E. L. Gaden Jr. et al. (Eds.), p. 177. New York: Interscience 1976

    Google Scholar 

  5. Andren, R. K., Mandels, M. H., Medeiros, J. E.: In: Appl. Poly. Symp. No. 28, T. E. Timell (Ed.), p. 205. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  6. Andren, R. K., Nystrom, J. M: AIChE Symp. Ser. No. 158, Vol. 72, 91 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  7. April, G. C. et al.: Presented at the 89th AIChE Nat. Meet. Portland, Oregon, Aug. 17–20, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  8. Arthur, Jr., J. C.: In: Energetics and Mechanisms in Radiation Biology, G. O. Phillips (Ed.), New York: Academic Press 1968

    Google Scholar 

  9. Autrey, K. M., McCaskey, T. A., Little, J. A.: J. Dairy Sci. 58 (1), 67 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Baker, A. J.: J. Anim. Sci. 36 (4), 768 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Batsawde, K. B. et al.: In: Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein Symp. Proa, T. K. Ghose (Ed.), p. 387. New Delhi: IIT Delhi 1978

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bender, F., Heaney, D. P., Bowden, A.: Forest Prod. J. 20, 36 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bowers, G. H., April, G. C: TAPPI 60 (8), 102 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blouin, F. A., Arthur, Jr., J. C: J. Chem. Eng. Data 5, 470 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Brenner, W. et al.: In: New Approaches for the Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose, Dept. of Appl. Sci., New York Univ., NYU/DAS-77-30, New York 1977

    Google Scholar 

  16. Borrevik, R. K., Wilke, C. R., Brink, D. L.: In: Effect of Nitrogen Oxide Pretreatment on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Ca. LBL 7879, Sept. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  17. Brink, D. L.: U.S. Pat. 4,076,579, Feb. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  18. Brink, D. L. etal.: In: Abstracts of Papers of the 167th Amer. Chem. Soc. Meet., Los Angeles Ca. March 31–April 5, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  19. Browning, B. L.: In: Handbook of Pulp and Paper Technology, 2nd Ed. K. W. Britt (ed.), p. 7. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1970

    Google Scholar 

  20. Casey, J. P.: In: Pulp and Paper, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, New York: Interscience 1960

    Google Scholar 

  21. Casey, J. P.: In: Pulp and Paper, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, p. 399. New York: Interscience 1960

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chandra, S., Jackson, M. G.: J. Agr. Sci. Camb. 77, 11 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chang, M.: J. Polym. Sci.: Part C, No. 36, 343 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Clarke, S. D., Dyer, I. A.: J. Anim. Sci. 37. 1022 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cowling, E. B., Kirk, T. K.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 6, E. L. Gaden Jr. et al. (Eds.), p. 163. New York: Interscience 1976

    Google Scholar 

  26. Cowling, E. B.: In: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 163. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cysewski, G. R., Wilke, C. R.: Biotech. Bioeng. 18, 1297 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Datta, R.: Presented at AIChE/73rd Annual Meet., Chicago, Nov. 16–20, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dehority, B. A., Johnson, J. J.: J. Dairy Sci. 44, 2242 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Detroy, R. W. et al.: In: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 10, C. D. Scott (Ed.), p. 135. New York: Interscience 1980

    Google Scholar 

  31. Donefer, E., Adeleye, I. O. A., Jones, T. A. O. C.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., G. J. Hajny, E. T. Reese (Eds.), 95, p. 328, Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  32. Dunlap, C. E., Thomson, J., Chiang, L. C: AIChE Symp. Ser. No. 158, Vol. 72, p. 58, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dunlap, C. E., Chiang, L. C: In: Cellulose Degradation — A Common Link, M. C. Shuler (Ec), C.R.C. Press 1980

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dunning, J. W., Lathrop, E. C: Ind. Eng. Chem. 37, 24 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Elmund, G. K., Grant, D. W., Morrison, S. M.: In: Management of Livestock Wastes, Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Livestock Wastes, p. 275, A.S.A.E. Publication, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  36. Eriksson, K. E., Goodell, E. W.: Can. J. Microbiol. 20, 371 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Eriksson, K. E.: In: Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substrates into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein Symp. Proc, T. K. Ghose (Ed.), p. 195. New Delhi: IIT Delhi 1978

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fan, L. T., Lee, Y. H., Beardmore, D. H.: Presented at IInd Int. Symp. on Bioconv. and Biochem. Eng., IIT, Delhi, India, March 3–6, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fan, L. T., Lee, Y. H., Beardmore, D. H.: Biotech. Bioeng. 22, 177 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fan, L. T., Lee, Y. H., Beardmore, D. H.: In: Adv. Biochem. Eng. Vol. 14, A. Fiechter (Ed.), p. 101, Berlin: Springer 1980

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fan, L. T., Lee, Y. H., Beardmore, D. H.: Biotech. Bioeng. 23, 419 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Fan, L. T., Gharpuray, M. M., Lee, Y. H.: Presented at 3rd Symp. on Biotech, in Energy Production and Conservation, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, May 12–15, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  43. Feist, W. C, Baker, A. J., Tarkow, H.: J. Ani. Sci. 30, 832 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ferguson, W. S.: Biochem. J. 36, 786 (1942)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ferguson, W. S.: J. Agr. Sci. 33, 174 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Forss, K., Fremer, K. E.: In: Symp. on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, M. Bailey et al. (Eds.), p. 41. Helsinki: SITRA 1975

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ghose, T. K.: Biotech. Bioeng. 11. 239 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ghose, T. K.: In: Adv. Biochem. Eng. Vol. 6, T. K. Ghose, A. Fiechter, N. Blakebrough (Eds.), p. 39. Berlin: Springer 1977

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ghose, T. K., Kostick, J. A.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., G. J. Hajny, E. T. Reese (Eds.), 95, p. 415, Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  50. Glegg, R. E., Kertesz, Z. I.: J. Poly. Sci. 26. 289 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Godden, W.: J. Agr. Sci. 10, 437 (1920)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Guggolz, J. R., Kohler, G. O., Klopfenstein, T. J.: J. Anim. Sci. 33, 151 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Guggolz, J. R. et al.: J. Anim. Sci. 33, 167 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hale, J. D.: In: The Pulping of Wood, 2nd Ed. R. G. MacDonald (Ed.), Vol. 1, p. 14. New York: McGraw Hill 1969

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hall, J. A., Saeman, J. F., Harris, J. F.: Unasylva 10, 7 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Halliwell, G.: In: Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substrates into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein, T. K. Ghose (Ed.), p. 81. New Delhi: IIT Delhi 1977

    Google Scholar 

  57. Han, Y. W., Callihan, C. D.: Appl. Microbiol. 27, 159 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Han, Y. W., Chen, W. P.: Biotech. Bioeng. 20, 567 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Han, Y. W., Pence, J. W., Anderson, A. W.: Appl. Microbiol. 29, 708 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Han, Y. W., Lee, J. S., Anderson, A. W.: J. Agr. Food Chem. 23, 928 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Hansen, S. M., April, G. C: Biosources Digest 3 (1), Jan. 1981

    Google Scholar 

  62. Harris, E. E. et al.: U.S. Dept. Agr. Forest Serv. Rep. 1618, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  63. Heaney, D. C, Bender, F.: Forest Prod. J. 20, 98 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Howsmon, J. A., Marchessault, R. H.: J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 1, 313 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hsu, T. A., Ladisch, M. R., Tsao, G. T.: Chemtech, May 1980

    Google Scholar 

  66. Huffman, J. G., Kitts, W. D., Krishnamurthi, C. R.: Can. J. Anim. Sci. 51, 457 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Israilides, C. J., Grant, G. A., Han, Y. W.: Develop. Ind. Microbiol., 20, 603 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Janes, R. L.: In: The Pulping of Wood, R. G. MacDonald (Ed.), 2nd Ed. Vol. 1, p. 34. New York:McGraw Hill 1969

    Google Scholar 

  69. Jones, R. P., Greenfield, P. F., Nicklin, D. J.: Cellulose Hydrolysis, State of the Art and Near Term Potential, a report submitted to the Queensland Dept. of Commercial and Industrial Development, Jan. 1980

    Google Scholar 

  70. Katz, M., Reese, E. T.: Appl. Microbiol. 16 (2), 419 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kelly, J. A.: Radiolytic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, U.S. Environ. Protec. Agency Report EPA-670/2-73-030,1973

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kelsey, R. G., Shafizadeh, F.: Biotech. Bioeng. 22, 1025 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kirk, T. K., Harkin, J. M.: AIChE Symp. Ser. No. 133, 124 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Klee, A. J., Rogers, C. J.: In: Proceedings of the Second Pacific Chemical Engineering Congress, Vol. 2, p. 759. New York: AIChE 1977

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kleinert, T. N.:TAPPI, 57, 99 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Knappert, D., Grethlein, H., Converse, A.: Biotech. Bioeng. 22, 1449 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kobayashi, T.: Proc. Biochem. 19 (Feb. 1971)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Koenigs, J. W.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 151. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kumakura, M. Kaetsu, I.: Biotech. Bioeng. 20, 1309 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kunz, N. D., Gainer, J. L., Kelly, J. L.: Nuclear Technol. 16, 556 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Ladisch, M. R., Flickinger, M. C, Tsao, G. T.: Energy 4, 263 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Lawton, E. J. et al.: Science 113, 380 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Lee, Y. H., Fan, L. T.: Presented at Vlth Int. Ferment. Symp. London, Ontario, Canada, July 20–25, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lee, Y. Y. et al.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 8, C. D. Scott (Ed.), p. 75. New York: Interscience 1978

    Google Scholar 

  85. Lehmann, F.: Ger. Pat. No. 169,800, March 26, 1905

    Google Scholar 

  86. Linden, J. C, Murphy, V. G., Moreira, A. R.: Presented at the Vlth Int. Ferment. Symp., London, Ontario, Canada, July 20–25, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  87. Linko, M.: In: Adv. Biochem. Eng. Vol. 5, T. K. Ghose, A. Fiechter, N. Blakebrough (Eds.), p. 27. Berlin: Springer 1977

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lipinsky, E.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., R. D. Brown, Jr., L. Jurasek (Eds.), 181, p. 1. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1979

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lloyd, R. A., Harris, J. R.: U.S. Dept. Agr. Forest Serv. Report, 2029, Wash. D.C. 1963

    Google Scholar 

  90. MacDonald, D. G., Mathews, J. F.: Biotech. Bioeng. 21, 1091 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Mandels, M., Hontz, L., Nystrom, J.: Biotech. Bioeng. 16, 1471 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Mandels, M., Sternberg, D.: J. Ferment. Technol. 54, 267 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Mellenberger, R. W. et al.: J. Anim. Sci. 32, 756 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mellenberger, R. W. et al.: J. Anim. Sci. 30, 1005 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Millett, M. A. et al.: J. Anim. Sci. 31, 781 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Millett, M. A., Baker, A. J., Satter, L. D.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 193. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  97. Millett, M. A., Baker, A. J., Satter, L. D.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 6, E. L. Gaden Jr. et al. (Eds.), p. 125. New York: Interscience 1976

    Google Scholar 

  98. Millett, M. A., Effland, M. J., Caulfield, D. F.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., R. D. Brown Jr., L. Jurasek (Eds.), 181, p. 71. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1979

    Google Scholar 

  99. Millett, M. A.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 319. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  100. Millett, M. A., Goedken, V. L.: TAPPI 48, 367 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Moore, W. E., Effland, M. J., Millett, M. A.: J. Agr. Food Chera. 20, 1173 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Moo-Young, M., Chahal, D. S., Vlach, D.: Biotech. Bioeng. 20, 107 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Nesse, N., Wallick, J., Harper, J. M.: Biotech. Bioeng. 19, 323 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  104. Nisizawa, K.: J. Ferment. Technol. 51, 267 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  105. Nguyen, X. N. et al.: Presented at the 89th AIChE Nat. Meet., Portland, Oregon, August 17–20, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  106. Nolan, E. J. et al.: Presented at the Vlth Int. Ferment. Symp., London, Ontario, Canada, July 20–25, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  107. Nystrom, J.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 221. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  108. Selvam, P. V., Ghose, T. K.: Presented at the Ilnd Int. Symp. on Bioconv. and Biochem. Eng., IIT Delhi, India, March 3–6, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  109. Peitersen, N., Andersen, B.: AIChE Symp. Ser. No. 172, Vol. 74, 100 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Peitersen, N.: In: Symp. on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, M. Bailey, T. M. Enari, M. Linko (Eds.), p. 407. Helsinki: SITRA 1975

    Google Scholar 

  111. Pew, J. C: TAPPI 40, 553 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Pew, J. C, Weyna, P.: TAPPI 45, 247 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Phillip, B. et al.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., R. D. Brown Jr., L. Jurasek (Eds.), 181, p. 127. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1979

    Google Scholar 

  114. Phillip, B., Schleicher, H., Wagenknecht, W.: Chemtech, Nov. 1977, p. 702.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Pritchard, G. I., Pigden, W. J., Minson, D. J.: Can. J. Anim. Sci. 42, 215 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ranby, B.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., G. J. Hajny, E. T. Reese (Eds.), 95, p. 139. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  117. Rogers, C. J. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 6, 715 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Rydholm, S. A.: Pulping Processes, p. 218. New York: Interscience 1965

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ryu, D. D. Y: Presented at 6th Int. Ferment. Symp., London, Ontario, Canada, July 20–25, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  120. Saarinen, P., Jenson, W. J., Alhojarvi, J.: Acta Agral. Fennica. 94, 41 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  121. Saeman, J. F., Millett, M. A., Lawton, E. J.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 2848 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sarkanen, K. V., Assiz, S., Chiang, V.: Presented at the AIChE 89th Nat. Meet., Portland, Oregon, Aug. 17–20, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Sasaki, T., Nakagawa, S., Kainuma, K.: Presented at Amer. Asso. of Cereal Chemists Annual Meet., San Francisco, Oct. 23–28, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  124. Schurz, J.: In: Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein Symp. Proa, T. K. Ghose (Ed.), p. 37. New Delhi: IIT, Delhi 1978

    Google Scholar 

  125. Scott, R. W., Millett, M. A., Hajny, G. J.: Forest Prod. J. 19 (4), 14 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  126. Shafizadeh, F.: TAPPI Forest Biology Wood Chemistry Conf., Madison, June 20–22, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  127. Sharkov, V. I., Levanova, V. P.: Zh. Priklad. Khim. 33, 2563 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  128. Spano, L. A. et al.: In: Interagency-Environment Research and Development Program Report, EPA-600/7-77/038, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  129. Stone, J. E. et al.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., G. J. Hajny, E. T. Reese (Eds.) 95, p. 223. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  130. Stranks, D. W.: Forest Prod. J. 9, 228 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Sullivan, J. T., Hershberger, T. V.: Science 130, 1252 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Tanaka, M. et al.: J. Ferment. Technol. 57, 186 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  133. Tarkow, H., Feist, W. C: In: Adv. Chem. Series, G. J. Hajny, E. T. Reese (Eds.) 95, p. 197. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  134. Tassinari, T., Macy, C: Biotech. Bioeng. 19, 1321 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  135. Taylor, P. C: In: Machinery and Equipment for Rubber and Plastics, Vol. 1, Seaman, R. G., Merrill, A. M. (Eds.), p. 13. New York: Bill Brothers Pub. Corp. 1952

    Google Scholar 

  136. Toyama, N., Ogawa, K.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 225. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  137. Toyama, N.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 6, E. L. Gaden Jr. et al. (Eds.), p. 207. New York: Interscience 1976

    Google Scholar 

  138. Toyama, N., Ogawa, K.: In: Symp. on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, M. Bailey, T. M. Enari. M. Linko (Eds.), p. 375, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  139. Toyama, N., Ogawa, K.: In: Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein Symp. Proa, T. K. Ghose (Ed.), p. 373. New Delhi: IIT Delhi 1978

    Google Scholar 

  140. Tsao, G. T.: J. Chinese Inst. Chem. Eng. 9, 1 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  141. Tsao, G. T. et al: In: Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes, Vol. 2, D. Perlman (Ed.), p. 1. New York: Academic Press 1978

    Google Scholar 

  142. Tsao, G. T.: Presented at U.S.-R.O.C. Joint Seminary Ferment. Eng., Philadelphia, May 30–June 1, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  143. Turbak, A. F. et al.: Chemtech, Jan. 1980

    Google Scholar 

  144. Tyagi, R. D., Ghose, T. K.: In: Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances into Energy Chemicals and Microbial Protein Symp. Proa, T. K. Ghose (Ed.), p. 585. New Delhi: IIT Delhi 1978

    Google Scholar 

  145. Van Soest, P. J.: In: Adv. Chem. Ser., G. J. Hajny, E. T. Reese (Eds.) 95, p. 267. Amer. Chem. Soa, Wash. D.C. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  146. Waiss, Jr. A. C. et al.: J. Anim. Sci. 55, 109 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Walker, H. G. et al.: Cereal Chem. 47, 513 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  148. Walseth, C. S.: TAPPI 35, 228 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  149. Wardrop, A. B.: In: Lignins, K. V. Sarkanen, C. H. Ludwig (Eds.), p. 19. New York: Wiley Interscience 1971

    Google Scholar 

  150. Warwicker, J. O. et al.: In: Shirley Institute Pamph. No. 93, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  151. Wilke, C. R.: In: Pilot Plant Studies of the Bioconversion of Cellulose and Production of Ethanol, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Ca., LBL 6860, June 1977

    Google Scholar 

  152. Wilke, C. R.: In: Process Development Studies of the Bioconversion of Cellulose and Production of Ethanol, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Ca., LBL 6881, Feb. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  153. Wilke, C. R.: In: Process Development of the Bioconversion of Cellulose and Production of Ethanol, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Ca., LBL 7880, Sept. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  154. Wilke, C. R., Mitra, G.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 5, C. R. Wilke (Ed.), p. 253. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wilke, C. R., Yang, R. D.: In: Proc. of the VHIth Cellulose Conf. 1. Wood Chemicals-A Future Challenge, T. E. Timell (Ed.), p. 175. New York: Interscience 1975

    Google Scholar 

  156. Wilke, C. R., Yang, R. D., Stockar, U. v.: Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. No. 6, E. L. Gaden Jr. et al. (Eds.), p. 155. New York: Interscience 1976

    Google Scholar 

  157. Williams, M. A., Baer, S.: Feedstuffs 36, 48 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  158. Wilson, R. K., Pigden, W. J.: Can. J. Anim. Sci. 44, 122 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  159. Wilson, P. N., Brigstocke, T.: Process Biochem. 12, 17 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  160. Woodman, H. E., Evans, R. E.: J. Agr. Sci. 37, 202 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  161. Anonymous: A Fungus to Digest Lignin, Gasohol U.S.A. 2 (10), 26 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  162. Anonymous: Continuous Cellulose to Glucose Process, Chem. Eng. News, Oct. 8, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  163. Binder, A., Pelloni, L., Fiechter, A.: Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 11, 1 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, 66506, KS, USA

    L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee & M. M. Gharpuray

Authors
  1. L. T. Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Young-Hyun Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. M. Gharpuray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Fan, L.T., Lee, YH., Gharpuray, M.M. (1982). The nature of lignocellulosics and their pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis. In: Microbial Reactions. Advances in Biochemical Engineering, vol 23. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3540116982_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3540116982_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-11698-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-39465-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation