Skip to main content
Log in

Properties and performance of silane: blended cement systems

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The paper presents the results of a study dealing with the performance of water repellents on hardened blended cement pastes. Since on the European market Portland cement does not play the dominant role anymore and due to the new national and European policies concerning Greenhouse Gases and sustainability, cement manufacturers produce more and more blended cements (CEM II–CEM V). Nevertheless, the majority of experience concerning the efficacy of water repellents is gained from Portland cement; therefore knowledge in regard to the interactions of blended cement with water repellent agent is minimal. Two silane-based products were applied on ‘fresh’ and carbonated cement substrates containing limestone, fly ash, slag and trass, and were investigated in terms of their functionality. The evaluation of the treatments’ performance and effectiveness were assessed using various laboratory measurements. Hydrophobicity, water absorption, colour changes and the penetration depth of silanes into the substrate were evaluated before and after artificial aging experiments. Moreover, the outdoor weathering test was performed to shed light on treated surface appearance in a ‘real’ outdoor environment. The results showed that surface wettability was independent on water ingress or colour variations, especially for cement specimens artificially aged by accelerated carbonation. Cement pastes containing slag and trass seemed to more distinctly affect the water repellents’ surface performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. EN 1504-2 (2004) Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity—Part 2: surface protection systems for concrete.

  2. Dai JG, Akira Y, Wittmann FH, Yokota H, Zhang P (2010) Water repellent surface impregnation for extension of service life of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments: the role of cracks. Cem Concr Comps 32:101–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Giessler S, Just E, Störger R (2006) Easy-to-clean properties—just a temporary appearance? Thin Solid Films 502:252–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Vries IJ, Polder RB (1997) Hydrophobic treatment of concrete. Const Build Mater 11:259–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Almusallam AA, Khan FM, Dulaijan SU, Al-Amoudi OSB (2003) Effectiveness of surface coatings in improving concrete durability. Cem Concr Comps 25:473–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Assié S, Escadeillas G, Waller V (2007) Estimates of self-compacting concrete ‘potential’ durability. Constr Build Mater 21:1909–1917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Barbucci A, Delucchi M, Cerisola G (1997) Organic coatings for concrete protection: liquid water and water vapour permeabilities. Prog Org Coat 30:293–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Delucchi M, Barbucci A, Cerisola G (1997) Study of the physico-chemical properties of organic coatings for concrete degradation control. Constr Build Mater 11:365–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Levi M, Ferro C, Regazzoli D, Dotelli G, Lo Presti A (2002) Comparative evaluation method of polymer surface treatments applied on high performance concrete. J Mater Sci 37:4881–4888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Raupach M, Wolff L (2005) Long-term durability of hydrophobic treatment on concrete. Surf Coat Inter B 88:127–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhao Y, Du P, Jin W (2010) Evaluation of the performance of surface treatments on concrete durability. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A (Appl Phys Eng) 11:349–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Basheer L, Cleland DJ, Long AE (1998) Protection provided by surface treatments against chloride induced corrosion. Mater Struct 31:459–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rodrigues MPMC, Costa MRN, Mendes AM, Marques MIE (2000) Effectiveness of surface coatings to protect reinforced concrete in marine environments. Mater Struct 33:618–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Medeiros MHF, Helene P (2008) Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and chloride ion penetration in concrete. Mater Struct 41:59–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. de Muynck W, Cox K, Belie ND, Verstraete W (2008) Bacterial carbonate precipitation as an alternative surface treatment for concrete. Constr Build Mater 22:875–885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Moon HY, Shin DG, Choi D (2007) Evaluation of the durability of mortar and concrete applied with inorganic coating material and surface treatment system. Constr Build Mater 21:362–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. McCarthy MJ, Giannakou A, Jones MR (2004) Comparative performance of chloride attenuating and corrosion inhibiting systems for reinforced concrete. Mater Struct 37:671–678

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ibrahim M, Al-Gahtani AS, Maslehuddin M, Almusallam AA (1997) Effectiveness of concrete surface treatment materials in reducing chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion. Constr Build Mater 11:443–451

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ibrahim M, Al-Gahtani AS, Maslehuddin M, Dakhil FH (1999) Use of surface treatment materials to improve concrete durability. J Mater Civ Eng 11:36–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhan H, Wittmann FH, Zhao T (2003) Chloride barrier for concrete in saline environment established by water repellent treatment. Inter J Restor Build Monum 9:539–550

    Google Scholar 

  21. Basheer PAM, Basheer L, Cleland DJ, Long AE (1997) Surface treatments for concrete: assessment methods and reported performance. Constr Build Mater 11:413–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Malhotra VM (2002) Introduction: sustainable development and concrete technology. ACI Concr Int 24:22

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Chindaprasirt P, Kanchanda P, Sathonsaowaphak A, Cao HT (2007) Sulphate resistance of blended cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater 21:1356–1361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Malhotra VM (1987) Properties of fresh and hardened concrete incorporating ground, granulated blast-furnace slag. In: Malhotra VM (ed) Supplementary cementing materials for concrete. CANMET, Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa, pp 289–333

  25. Wu Z, Naik TR (2002) Properties of concrete produced from multicomponent blended cements. Cem Concr Res 32:1937–1942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. EN 1925 (1999) Natural stone test methods—determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity.

  27. EN 13687-2 (2002) Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—test methods—determination of thermal compatibility—Part 2: Thunder-shower cycling (thermal shock).

  28. Zielecka M (2004) Methods of contact angle measurement as a tool for characterization of wettability of polymers. Polymers 49:327–332

    Google Scholar 

  29. Alvarez de B, Ballester M, Fort Gonzales R (2001) Basic methodology for the assessment and selection of water-repellent treatments applied on carbonatic materials. Prog Org Coat 43:258–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Scheerder J, Visscher N, Nabuurs T, Overbeek A (2005) Novel, water-based fluorinated polymers with excellent antigraffiti properties. J Coat Tech Res 2:617–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Song HW, Kwon SJ (2007) Permeability characteristics of carbonated concrete considering capillary pore structure. Cem Concr Res 37:909–915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ngala VT (1997) Effect of carbonation on pore structure and diffusional properties of hydrated cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 27:995–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Polder RB, Pijnenborgh AJ, de Vries J (1993) Recommendation for testing hydrophobic agents for concrete (in Dutch). Civil Engineering Division, Report BSW 93:24–26

  34. Hager R (1998) The revolution in concrete protection impregnation with cream. In: Proceedings of Hydrophobe II, Water repellent treatment of building materials, Zurich, pp 205–216

  35. Wittmann FH, Zhao TJ, Zhan HY, Zhang P (2010) Silicon resin, a functional polymer in concrete. In: Aguiar JB, Jalali S, Camoes A, Ferreira RM (eds) 13th International congress on polymers in concrete ICPIC, Funchal, pp 625–632.

  36. Chindaprasirt P, Jaturapitakkul C, Sinsiri T (2005) Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste. Cem Concr Compos 27:425–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. EN ISO 2813 (1999) Paints and varnishes—determination of specular gloss of nonmetallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. A. Kargol.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kargol, M.A., Müller, U. & Gardei, A. Properties and performance of silane: blended cement systems. Mater Struct 46, 1429–1439 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9984-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9984-1

Keywords

Navigation