Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Chinese Kindergarten Teachers’ Perceived Changes in Their Teaching Philosophies and Practices: A Case Study in a University-Affiliated Program

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Early Childhood Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Early childhood education in China has a dynamic history of educational reform. The objective of this study was to examine kindergarten teachers’ current perceptions of educational philosophies and practices. As a consequence of globalization, researchers also examined what teachers perceived their international colleagues should understand regarding the current state of early education in China. Researchers employed qualitative methodology and a phenomenological approach. Eight master teachers and former teachers/current administrators in a university-affiliated kindergarten program in a major urban city on mainland China participated in a semi-structured focus-group guided by a series of open-ended questions. Results of systematic analysis of transcripts revealed five themes: (1) the kindergarten curriculum reflects changes in China’s educational goals, the view of child, and needs of the country; (2) contemporary kindergarten practices reflect a philosophical change from whole group, teacher-led instruction to inclusion of individualized, child-guided experiences; (3) the physical classroom environment reflects revised educational goals and the child as an actively engaged participant in his/her own learning; (4) kindergarten teachers purposefully engage families as partners in the child’s education, and (5) teachers suggest that international colleagues should understand the current philosophy of education developed within the Chinese culture. Teachers’ perceptions confirm the major pedagogical change from traditional teacher-directed practice to adaptation of Western child-centered philosophies; however, these results may not represent other programs in China. Implications for educators internationally suggest that pedagogical change is a gradual process of assimilation, not without challenges and requiring significant investment by teachers directly responsible for the translation of philosophy to practice.

Résumé

L’éducation de la petite enfance en Chine a une histoire dynamique de réforme éducative. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’examiner les perceptions actuelles des enseignants de l’école maternelle de la philosophie et des pratiques éducatives. Influencés par la mondialisation, les chercheurs ont également examiné ce que les enseignants percevaient que leurs collègues internationaux devaient comprendre du statut actuel de l’éducation de la petite enfance en Chine. Les chercheurs ont utilisé une méthodologie qualitative et une approche phénoménologique. Huit enseignants maîtres, anciens enseignants et administrateurs actuels d’une école maternelle affiliée à une université d’une importante région urbaine de la Chine continentale ont participé à un groupe de discussion semi structurée, guidé par une série de questions ouvertes. Les résultats de l’analyse systématique des transcriptions révèlent cinq thèmes : (1) le programme des écoles maternelles reflète les changements dans les buts éducatifs de la Chine, la vision de l’enfant et les besoins du pays; (2) les pratiques contemporaines des écoles maternelles reflètent un changement philosophique de l’enseignement en groupe, dirigé par l’enseignant à l’inclusion des expériences individualisées et dirigée par l’enfant; (3) l’environnement physique de la salle de classe reflète les buts éducatifs révisés et la vision de l’enfant comme un participant activement engagé dans son propre apprentissage; (4) les enseignants de l’école maternelle engagent délibérément les familles comme partenaires dans l’éducation de l’enfant; et (5) les enseignants suggèrent que leurs collègues internationaux devraient comprendre la philosophie éducative actuelle, élaborée dans la culture chinoise. Les perceptions des enseignants confirment le changement pédagogique majeur des pratiques traditionnelles directives à l’adaptation des philosophies occidentales centrées sur l’enfant; cependant, ces résultats pourraient ne pas représenter d’autres programmes de Chine. Les implications pour les enseignants suggèrent qu’internationalement le changement pédagogique est un processus graduel d’assimilation qui n’est pas sans présenter de défi, et qui exige d’importants investissements des enseignants directement responsables du passage de la philosophie à la pratique.

Resumen

La educación preescolar en China tiene una historia dinámica de reforma educativa. El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar las percepciones actuales de educadores de párvulos sobre sus filosofías y prácticas educativas. A consecuencia de la globalización, los investigadores también examinaron la percepción de los maestros sobre el conocimiento que sus colegas internacionales deben tener con respecto al estado actual de la educación preescolar en China. Los investigadores emplearon una metodología cualitativa y un enfoque fenomenológico. Ocho maestros líderes en su profesión y ex maestros/administradores actuales en un programa de jardín de niños afiliado con una universidad en una ciudad urbana de China continental, participaron en un ‘focus group’ semiestructurado guiado por una serie de preguntas abiertas. Los resultados de un análisis sistemático de las transcripciones revelaron cinco temas: (1) el currículo del jardín de niños refleja cambios en las metas educativas de China, la manera que el niño es considerado y las necesidades del país; (2) practicas contemporáneas del jardín infantil reflejan un cambio filosófico, desde la instrucción en grupo dirigida por el maestro hacia la inclusión de experiencias individuales dirigidas por el/la niño/a; (3) el entorno físico del aula refleja metas educativas que han sido revisadas, y al niño como participante activamente comprometido con su propio aprendizaje; (4) los educadores de párvulos intencionalmente involucran a las familias como participantes en la educación del niño, y (5) los maestros sugirieron que colegas de otras naciones deben comprender la filosofía actual de la educación desarrollada dentro de la cultura china. Las percepciones de los maestros confirman el gran cambio pedagógico, desde la práctica tradicional dirigida por el maestro hacia la adaptación de filosofías occidentales centradas en el niño; sin embargo, estos resultados puede que no representen otros programas en China. Las implicancias para los profesores sugieren, internacionalmente, que un cambio pedagógico es un proceso gradual de asimilación, que tiene sus retos y requiere de inversiones significativas de parte de los profesores, directamente responsables de la traducción de la filosofía hacia la práctica.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (Eds.). (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs: Serving children from birth through age 8 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among 5 approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Kappa Delta Pi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, C., Gandini, L., & Foreman, G. (1998). The 100 languages of children: The Reggio Emilia approach, advanced reflections (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guangzhou International. (2012). Guangzhou permanent population hits 12.7 million. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://english.gz.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/gzgoven/s4171/201105/817256.html.

  • Ho, C. W. D. (2008). Exploring the definitions of quality early childhood programmes in a market-driven context: Case studies of two Hong Kong preschools. International Journal of Early Years Education, 16(3), 223–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, B. Y., & Li, K. (2012). The quality rating system of Chinese preschool education: Prospects and challenges. Childhood Education, 88(1), 14–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, B. Y., Roberts, S. K., Wang, Y., & Zhao, H. (2011). The initiation of early childhood inclusion in China: A case study from Beijing. International Journal of Early Years Education., 9(2), 111–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirylo, J. D., & Nauman, A. K. (2010). Curriculum development: Perspectives from around the world. Olney, MD: Association for Childhood Education International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L. C. (1992). Day care in the People’s Republic of China. In M. E. Lamb, K. J. Sternberg, C. Hwang, & A. G. Broberg (Eds.), Child care in context (pp. 355–392). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., & Elicker, J. (2005). Teacher-child interaction in Chinese kindergartens: An observational analysis. International Journal of Early Years Education, 12(2), 129–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., Rao, N., & Tse, S. K. (2012). Adapting Western pedagogies for Chinese literacy instruction: Case studies of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Singapore preschools. Early Education and Development, 23, 603–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., & Feng, X. (2005). Kindergarten educational reform during the past two decades in mainland China: Achievements and problems. International Journal of Early Years Education, 13(2), 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Pan, Y., & Sun, H. (2005). Comparative research on young children’s perceptions of play: An approach to observing the effects of kindergarten educational reform. International Journal of Early Years Education, 13(2), 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, N., & Arndt, J. S. (2010). Curriculum development in modern mainland china. In J. D. Kirylo & A. K. Nauman (Eds.), Curriculum development: Perspectives from around the world (pp. 90–101). Olney, MD: Association for Childhood Education International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education (MOE). (2009). Kindergarten programs in China. Retrieved Aug 6, 2012, from http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s4965/201012/113496.html.

  • Ministry of Education (MOE). (2010). National outline for medium and long-term education reform and development (20102012). Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3501/index.html.

  • Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Cognitive development (3rd ed., pp. 703–732). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N., Ng, S. S. N., & Pearson, E. (2010). Preschool pedagogy: A fusion of traditional Chinese beliefs and contemporary notions of appropriate practice. In C. K. K. Chan and N. Rao (Eds.). Revisiting the Chinese learner: Changing contexts, changing education, CERC Studies in Comparative Education (Vol. 25). doi 10.1007/978-90-481-3840-1_9.

  • Super, C. M., Harkness, S., Barry, O., & Zeitlin, M. (2011). Think locally, act globally: Contributions of African research to child development. Child Development Perspectives, 5(2), 119–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, J. (2005). Quality in early childhood education: An anthropologist’s perspective. Early Education and Development, 16(4), 421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, J. J., Hsueh, Y., & Karasawa, M. (2009). Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan, and the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, J. J., Wu, D. Y. H., & Davidson, D. H. (1989). Preschool in three cultures: Japan, China, and the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Elicker, J., McMullen, M., & Mao, S. (2008). Chinese and American preschool teachers’ beliefs about early childhood curriculum. Early Child Development and Care, 178(3), 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, M. N. C., & Pang, L. (2002). Childhood education in China: Issues and development. In L. K. S. Chan & E. J. Mellor (Eds.), International developments in early childhood services (pp. 53–69). New York, NY: P. Lang Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, F. (2010). Towards diversification: Early childhood education in the changing China. Invited International Lectures. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J., & Wang, C. (2005). Contemporary early childhood education and research in China. In B. Spodek & O. Soracho (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives in early childhood education (pp. 55–79). Greenwich, CN: Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J., & Zhang, J. (2008). Contemporary trends and developments in early childhood education in China. Early Years, 2(28), 173–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J., & Zhou, N. (2005). A survey of current Shanghai early childhood education through kindergarten directors’ self-assessment. International Journal of Early Years Education, 13(2), 113–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was made possible by a grant from the Tilford Scholars program at Kansas State University. We extend our thanks to Xiao Xiao for interpretation, translation, and cultural guidance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bronwyn S. Fees.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fees, B.S., Hoover, L. & Zheng, F. Chinese Kindergarten Teachers’ Perceived Changes in Their Teaching Philosophies and Practices: A Case Study in a University-Affiliated Program. IJEC 46, 231–252 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-014-0109-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-014-0109-6

Keywords

Navigation