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Conversion of Canola Meal into a High-Protein Feed Additive via Solid-State Fungal Incubation Process

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

The study goal was to determine the optimal fungal culture to reduce glucosinolates (GLS), fiber, and residual sugars while increasing the protein content and nutritional value of canola meal. Solid-state incubation conditions were used to enhance filamentous growth of the fungi. Flask trials were performed using 50 % moisture content hexane-extracted (HE) or cold-pressed (CP) canola meal with incubation for 168 h at 30 °C. Incubation on HE canola meal Trichoderma reesei (NRRL-3653) achieved the greatest increase in protein content (23 %), while having the lowest residual levels of sugar (8 % w/w) and GLS (0.4 μM/g). Incubation on CP canola meal Trichoderma reesei (NRRL-3653), A. pullulans (NRRL-58522), and A. pullulans (NRRL-Y-2311-1) resulted in the greatest improvement in protein content (22.9, 16.9 and 15.4 %, respectively), while reducing total GLS content from 60.6 to 1.0, 3.2 and 10.7 μM/g, respectively. HE and CP canola meal GLS levels were reduced to 65.5 and 50.7 % by thermal treatments while solid-state microbial conversion further reduced GLS up to 99 and 98 %, respectively. Fiber levels increased due to the concentration effect of removing oligosaccharides and GLS.

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Abbreviations

ADF:

Acid detergent fiber

CP:

Cold-pressed

dw:

Dry weight

GLS:

Glucosinolate

GYE:

Glucose yeast extract

HE:

Hexane-extracted

LC–MS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

NDF:

Neutral detergent fiber

PDA:

Potato dextrose agar

q-tof:

Quadrupole time-of-flight

rpm:

Revolutions per minute

RS:

Residual sugar

RP-HPLC:

Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

SLR:

Solid loading rate

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Acknowledgments

This work was performed in the Alfred Dairy Science Hall and was supported by the South Dakota Oilseed Initiative and a grant from the South Dakota Oilseed Commission. We would like to thank Kerry O’Donnell and the Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit of the United States Department of Agriculture for identifying the M. circincelloides and P. kudriavzevii strains used in this research. We would also like to thank Ray Holloway, Vanessa Voelker, and Sandra M. Duval for their technical assistance in the GLS analyses.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, 228 Alfred Dairy Science Hall, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA

    Jason R. Croat & William R. Gibbons

  2. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

    Mark Berhow

  3. Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA

    Bishnu Karki & Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan

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  1. Jason R. Croat
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  2. Mark Berhow
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Correspondence to Jason R. Croat.

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It is declared that this manuscript is original, has not been published before, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication, and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. The manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.

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Mark Berhow: Mention of trade names or commercial products in this paper is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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Croat, J.R., Berhow, M., Karki, B. et al. Conversion of Canola Meal into a High-Protein Feed Additive via Solid-State Fungal Incubation Process. J Am Oil Chem Soc 93, 499–507 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2796-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2796-7

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