Abstract
Piles socketed into rock are increasingly used to support loads from large-span bridges and heavy buildings. Peak side resistance is typically related to unconfined compressive strength, sidewall roughness and rock mass quality. This paper presents the results of tests on piles socketed in a weak, artificial rock made of sand, cement, gypsum powder and water. The test results are compared with methods of estimation in which the roughness of the pile–rock interface is modeled explicitly by assuming sinusoidal undulations along the interface. The testing program includes 10 model piles. Some of these piles have nonzero base resistance; others are unsupported at the base. The results indicate that both the degree of roughness of the socket sidewall and the base stiffness are of major importance to the load response of rock-socketed piles. The ultimate unit side resistance was observed to increase substantially with both increasing sidewall roughness and increasing base stiffness, but there is an upper limit to socket roughness beyond which very little increase in side resistance can be obtained. Most of the available correlations used to predict the ultimate side resistance of rock-socketed piles produced conservative estimates for the test piles in this study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brown DA, Turner JP, Castelli RJ (2010) Drilled shafts: construction procedures and LRFD design methods. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, USA
Carter JP, Kulhawy FH (1988) Analysis and design of drilled shaft foundations socketed into rock. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, Report EL-5918
Dykeman P, Valsangkar AJ (1996) Model studies of socketed caissons in soft rock. Can Geotech J 33(5):747–759
Eriksson L, Trank R (1991) Properties of expanded polystyrene, laboratory experiments. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linkoping
Foray P, Balachowski L, Rault G (1998) Scale effects in shaft friction due to the localization of deformations. In: Proceedings of the international conference Centrifuge, vol 98. Rotterdam, Balkema, Tokyo, Japan, pp 211–216
Garnier J, König D (1998) Scale effects in piles and nails loading tests in sand. In: Proceedings of the international conference Centrifuge, vol. 98. Rotterdam: Balkema, Tokyo, Japan, pp 205–210
Gupton C, Logan T (1984) Design guidelines for drilled shafts in weak rocks of south Florida. In: South Florida Annual ASCE Meeting, ASCE, Miami, Fla
Haberfield CM, Seidel JP (1996) A new design method for drilled shafts in rock. In: Proceedings of Deep Foundations: International Conference. Deep Foundations Institute, Sparta.
Haberfield CM, Collingwood B (2006) Rock-socketed pile design and construction: a better way? Proc ICE-Geotech Eng 159(3):207–217
Hassan KM, O’Neill MW (1997) Side load-transfer mechanisms in drilled shafts in soft argillaceous rock. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng ASCE 123(2):145–152
Horvath RG (1982) Drilled piers socketed into weak shale—methods of improving performance. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Horvath RG, Kenney TC (1979) Shaft resistance of rock socketed drilled piers. Proc Am Soc Civil Eng Annu Conv. Atlanta, USA, pp 182–214
Horvath RG, Kenney TC, Trow WA (1980) Results of tests to determine shaft resistance of rocksocketed drilled piers. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, pp. 349–361
Horvath RG, Kenney TC, Kozicki P (1983) Methods for improving the performance of drilled piers in weak rock. Can Geotech J 20(4):758–772
Jeong S, Cho H, Cho J (2010) Point bearing stiffness and strength of socketed drilled shafts in Korean rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(6):983–995
Johnston IW, Choi SK (1986) A synthetic soft rock for laboratory model studies. Geotechnique 36(2):251–265
Johnston IW, Lam TSK (1989) Shear behaviour of regular triangular concrete/rock joints—analysis. J Geotech Eng 115(5):711–727
Kaderabek TJ, Reynolds RT (1981) Miami limestone foundation design and construction. J Geotech Eng 107(7):859–872
Kong KH, Kodikara J, Haque A (2006) Numerical modelling of the side resistance development of piles in mudstone with direct use of sidewall roughness. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 43(6):987–995
Kulhawy FH, Phoon KK (1993) Drilled shaft side resistance in clay soil to rock. In: Design and performance of deep foundations. Piles and piers in soil and soft rock. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 38, ASCE, pp 172–183
Lehane BM, Gaudin C, Schneider JA (2005) Scale effects on tension capacity for rough piles buried in dense sand. Géotechnique 55(10):709–719
Loukidis D, Salgado R (2008) Analysis of the shaft resistance of non-displacement piles in sand. Géotechnique 58(4):283–296
Meigh AC, Wolski W (1979) Design parameters for weak rocks. In Proceedings of 7th European conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering. Brighton, British Geotechnical Society, 5, pp 57–77
Nam MS, Vipulanandan C (2008) Roughness and unit side resistance of drilled shafts socketed in clay shale and limestone. J Geotechn Geoenviron Eng 134(9):1272–1279
O’Neill MW, Townsend FC, Hassan KM et al (1996) Load transfer for drilled shafts in intermediate geomaterials. FHWA-RD-95-172, FHWA, US Department of Transportation
Osterberg JO (1998) The osterberg load test method for bored and driven piles: The first ten years. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference and exhibition on piling and deep foundations. Deep Foundations Institute, Vienna, Austria, pp 1–28
Pells PJN (1999) State of practice for the design of socketed piles in rock. In: Proceedings of the 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge, vol 1. Hobart, AU, pp 307–328
Pells PJN, Rowe RK, Turner RM (1980) An experimental investigation into side shear for socketed piles in sandstone. In: Proceedings of international conference on structural foundations on rock, vol 1. Sydney, AU, pp 291–302
Radhakrishnan R, Leung CF (1989) Load transfer behavior of rock-socketed piles. J Geotech Eng 115(6):755–767
Reese LC, O’Neill MW (1987) Drilled shafts: construction procedures and design methods. Design Manual, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Mclean, VA
Rosenberg P, Journeaux NL (1976) Friction and bearing tests on bedrock for high capacity socket design. Can Geotech J 13(3):324–333
Rowe RK, Armitage HH (1984) The design of piles socketed into weak rock. Faculty of Engineering Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Research Report GEOT-11-84
Rowe RK, Armitage HH (1987) A design method for drilled piers in soft rock. Can Geotech J 24(1):126–142
Salgado R (2008) The engineering of foundations. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, New York
Seidel JP (1993) The analysis and design of pile shafts in weak rock. Ph.D. thesis, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Seidel JP, Collingwood B (2001) A new socket roughness factor for prediction of rock socket shaft resistance. Can Geotech J 38(1):138–153
Seidel JP, Haberfield CM (1994) A new approach to the prediction of drilled pier performance in rock. In: Proceedings of the U.S. Federal Highways Administration International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Orlando, USA, pp 556–570
Seidel JP, Haberfield CM (1995) Towards an understanding of joint roughness. Rock Mech Rock Eng 28(2):69–92
Seo H, Prezzi M, Salgado R (2013) Instrumented static load test on rock-socketed micropile. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(12):2037–2047
Seo H, Prezzi M, Salgado R (2015) Closure to “Instrumented static load test on rock-socketed micropile.” J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 141(6):07015003. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000946
Stimpson B (1970) Modelling materials for engineering rock mechanics. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 7(1):77–121
Toh CT, Ooi TA, Chiu, HK et al (1989) Design parameters for bored piles in a weathered sedimentary formation. In: Proceedings of 12th international conference on soil mechanics and foundations engineering, vol 2. Rio de Janeiro, pp 1073–1078
Turner JP, Sandberg E, Chou NNS (1993) Side resistance of drilled shafts in the Denver and Pierre Formations. In: Design and performance of deep foundations: piles and piers in soil and soft rock, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 38, 245–259
Wang Y, Than LG, Lee PKK (2007) Test and numerical analysis of model rock-socketed pile. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 26(8):1691–1697 (in Chinese)
Williams AF, Pells PJN (1981) Side resistance rock sockets in sandstone, mudstone, and shale. Can Geotech J 18(4):502–513
Williams AF (1980) The design and performance of piles socketed into weak rock. Ph.D. dissertation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Zhang L, Einstein HH (1998) End bearing capacity of drilled shafts in rock. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(7):574–584
Acknowledgments
The research and the visits of the first and last author to Purdue University were supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB036304), National Key Technology Support Program (2011BAG07B01) and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dai, G., Salgado, R., F. ASCE. et al. The effect of sidewall roughness on the shaft resistance of rock-socketed piles. Acta Geotech. 12, 429–440 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0470-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0470-8