Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

GD&T-Based Characterization of Short-Range Non-contact 3D Imaging Systems

  • Published:
International Journal of Computer Vision Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We present a series of test metrics, artifacts, and procedures for characterizing and verifying the operating limits of a short-range non-contact three-dimensional imaging system. These metrics have been designed to correspond to dimensioning and tolerancing metrics that are widely used in industry (e.g. automotive, aerospace, etc.). We introduce operating limit metrics that correspond with the geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) metrics of Form (Flatness and Circularity), Orientation (Angularity), Location (Sphere, Corner, and Hole Position Errors), and Size (Diameter, Sphere-spacing, Plane-spacing and Angle Errors). An example is presented to illustrate how these metrics, artifacts, and associated test procedures can be used in practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • 3D Scanner Software (2012). Innovmetric Software Inc. www.innovmetric.com/.

  • Anthony, G. T., Anthony, H. M., Bittner, B., Butler, B. P., Cox, M. G., Drieschner, R., Elligsen, R., Forbes, A. B., Gross, H., Hannaby, S. A., Harris, P. M., & Kok, J. (1996). Reference software for finding Chebyshev best-fit geometric elements. Precision Engineering, 19(1), 28–36. doi:10.1016/0141-6359(96)00005-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASME Y14.5-2009 (2009). Dimensioning and tolerancing: engineering drawing and related documentation practices. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017.

  • ASME Y14.5.1M-1994 (2004). Mathematical definition of dimensioning and tolerancing principles. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017.

  • ASTM E-2544-11a (2011). Standard terminology for three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International), West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

  • Baribeau, R., & Rioux, M. (1991). Influence of speckle on laser range finders. Applied Optics, 30(20), 2873–2978. doi:10.1364/AO.30.002873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrier, B., MacKinnon, D., Cournoyer, L., & Beraldin, J. A. (2011). Proposed NRC portable target case for short-range triangulation-based 3-D imaging systems characterization. In J. A. Beraldin, G. S. Cheok, M. B. McCarthy, U. Neuschaefer-Rube, A. M. Baskurt, I. E. McDowall, & M. Dolinsky (Eds.), SPIE proceedings: three-dimensional imaging, interaction, and measurement (Vol. 7864). Bellingham: SPIE. doi:10.1117/12.871942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Concheri, G., Cristofolini, I., Meneghello, R., & Wolf, G. (2001). Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) versus geometrical product specification (GPS). In Proceedings of the XII ADM international conference (pp. 37–50).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietzsch, M., Gerlach, M., & Gröger, S. (2008). Back to the envelope system with morphological operations for the evaluation of surfaces. Wear, 264(5–6), 411–415. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Hakim, S. F., & Beraldin, J. A. (2007). Applications of 3D measurement from images. In Sensor integration and visualization (pp. 259–298). Boca Raton: Whittles Publishing. Chap. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häusler, G., & Ettl, S. (2011). Optical measurement of surface topography. In Limitations of optical 3D sensors (pp. 23–48). Berlin: Springer. Chap. 3. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12012-1_3.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO 5725-3:1994 (1994). Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results—Part 3: Intermediate measures of the precision of a standard measurement method. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland.

  • ISO 10360-7:2011 (2011). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)—Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM)—Part 7: CMMs equipped with imaging probing systems. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland.

  • ISO-14253-1 (1998). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)—inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment—Part 1: decision rules for proving conformance or non-conformance with specifications. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland.

  • Janecki, D. (2011). Edge effect elimination in the recursive implementation of Gaussian filters. Precision Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2011.08.001.

    Google Scholar 

  • JCGM 100:2008 (2008). Evaluation of measurement data guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM/WG 1), BIPM, Pavillon de Breteuil F-92312 Svres Cedex, FRANCE, first edn.

  • JCGM 200:2008 (2012). International vocabulary of metrology: basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM). Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM/WG 2), BIPM, Pavillon de Breteuil F-92312 Svres Cedex, FRANCE, 3rd edn.

  • MacKinnon, D., Beraldin, J. A., Cournoyer, L., & Carrier, B. (2010). Assessing the performance of 3D imaging systems. SPIE Newsroom. doi:10.1117/2.1201102.003393

  • MacKinnon, D., Beraldin, J. A., Cournoyer, L., & Carrier, B. (2011) Hierarchical characterization procedures for dimensional metrology. In: J. A. Beraldin, G. S. Cheok, M. B. McCarthy, U. Neuschaefer-Rube, A. M. Baskurt, I. E. McDowall, & M. Dolinsky (Eds.) SPIE proceedings: three-dimensional imaging, interaction, and measurement (Vol. 7864). Bellingham: SPIE. doi:10.1117/12.872124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, W. (1986). Mathematical statistics with applications, 3rd edn. In Hypothesis testing (pp. 382–405). Boston: PWS-Kent. Chap. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieciqg, H., & Chuchro, Z. (2003). A certain method for Chebyshev approximation used in IOS metrological software. In Proceedings of the XVII IMEKO world congress: metrology in the 3rd millennium (pp. 1810–1813).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, H. (1974). The roughness dependence of partially developed, monochromatic speckle patterns. Optics Communications, 12(2), 156–159. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(74)90380-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poniatowska, M. (2011). Parameters for CMM contact measurements of free-form surfaces. Metrology and Measurement Systems, XVIII(2), 199–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raja, J., Muralikrishnan, B., & Fu, S. (2002). Recent advances in separation of roughness, waviness and form. Precision Engineering, 26(2), 222–235. doi:10.1016/S0141-6359(02)00103-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (2009). Convey design intent with GD&T. Quality Magazine, 48, 42–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • VDI 2634 Part 2 (2002). Optical 3-D measuring systems—optical systems based on area scanning. The Association of German Engineers (VDI), 10772 Berlin, Germany.

  • VDI 2617 Part 6.2 (2005). Accuracy of coordinate measuring machines: characteristics and their testing—guideline for the application of DIN EN ISO 10360 to coordinate measuring machines with optical distance sensors. The Association of German Engineers (VDI), 10772 Berlin, Germany.

  • VDI 2634 Part 3 (2008). Optical 3-D measuring systems—multiple view systems based on area scanning. The Association of German Engineers (VDI), 10772 Berlin, Germany.

  • Witzgall, C., Cheok, G. S., & Kearsley, A. J. (2006). Recovering spheres from 3D point data. In Proceedings of the IEEE applied imagery and pattern recognition workshop (p. 8). Washington: IEEE Press. doi:10.1109/AIPR.2006.33.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their invaluable feedback during the review process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    David MacKinnon, Benjamin Carrier, Jean-Angelo Beraldin & Luc Cournoyer

Authors
  1. David MacKinnon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Benjamin Carrier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jean-Angelo Beraldin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luc Cournoyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David MacKinnon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

MacKinnon, D., Carrier, B., Beraldin, JA. et al. GD&T-Based Characterization of Short-Range Non-contact 3D Imaging Systems. Int J Comput Vis 102, 56–72 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-012-0570-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-012-0570-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation