Skip to main content
Log in

Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid synergism enhances bacoside A content in shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study has been carried out with the aim of enhancing the production of bacoside A in plant cultures of Bacopa monnieri through the process of elicitation. Optimisation of suitable concentrations of plant growth regulators and harvest time has been accomplished for the highest biomass production and bacoside A accumulation. Plant cultures were elicited with methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) separately and in combinations in different concentrations for a period of 1–4 weeks. Three weeks of elicitation with 50 µM MJ or 50 µM SA produced about two and threefold higher quantity of bacoside A respectively when compared to unelicited controls. Highest accumulation was noticed in a combination of 25 µM MJ + 25 µM SA treated for 3 weeks duration. It has produced about 59.18 mg/g DW (dry weight) of bacoside A3 (3.5-fold higher), 95.30 mg/g DW of Bacopaside II (5.2-fold higher), 46.11 mg/g DW of Jujubogenin isomer of Bacopasaponin C (4.8-fold higher) and 68.16 mg/g DW of Bacopasaponin C (5.9-fold higher), altogether accounting for the production of 269.71 mg/g DW (almost fivefold higher) of bacoside A. Hence the protocol formulated provides an efficient alternative for mass production of whole plants with increased metabolite content.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BAP:

6-Benzylaminopurine

DW:

Dry weight

KIN:

Kinetin

MJ:

Methyl jasmonate

MS:

Murashige and Skoog’s medium

NAA:

α-Naphthalene acetic acid

PGR:

Plant growth regulator

SA:

Salicylic acid

TDZ:

Thidiazuron

References

  • Brooks CJW, Watson DG (1986) Elicitation of capsidiol accumulation in suspended callus cultures of Capsicum annuum. Phytochemistry 27:1089–1092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulgakov VP, Tchernoded GK, Mischenko NP, Khodakovskaya MV, Glazunov VP, Radchenko SV et al (2002) Effect of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon and cantharidin on anthraquinone production by Rubia cordifolia callus cultures transformed with the rol B and rol C genes. J Biotech 97:213–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chong TM, Abdullah MA, Lai OM, Noraini FM, Lajis NH (2005) Effective elicitation factors in Morinda elliptica cell suspension culture. Process Biochem 40:3397–3405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coste A, Vlase L, Halmagyi A, Deliu C, Coldea G (2011) Effects of plant growth regulators and elicitors on production of secondary metabolites in shoot cultures of Hypericum hirsutum and Hypericum maculatum. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 106:279–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creelman RA, Mullet JE (1995) Jasmonic acid distribution and action in plants: regulation during development and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4114–4119

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cui L, Wang ZY, Zhou XH (2012) Optimization of elicitors and precursors to enhance valtrate production in adventitious roots of Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 108:411–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deepak M, Sangli GK, Arun PC, Amit A (2005) Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochem Anal 16:24–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elangovan V, Govindasamy S, Ramamoorthy N, Balasubramanian K (1995) In vitro studies on the anticancer activity of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 66:211–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadzovska S, Maury S, Delaunay A, Spasenoski M, Hagege D, Courtois D, Joseph C (2013) The influence of salicylic acid elicitation of shoots, callus, and cell suspension cultures on production of naphtodianthrones and phenylpropanoids in Hypericum perforatum L. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 113:25–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jo UA, Murthy HN, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2008) Micropropagation of Alocasia amazonica using semisolid and liquid cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 44:26–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SM, Jung HY, Kang YM, Yun DJ, Bahk JD, Yang J, Choi MS (2004) Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on the production of tropane alkaloids and the expression of PMTand H6H in adventitious root cultures of Scopolia parviflora. Plant Sci 166:745–751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan A, Madhanraj A, Pandian SK, Ramesh M (2011) Genetic variation among highly endangered Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell from Southern India as detected using RAPD analysis. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58:769–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khosroushahi AY, Valizadeh M, Ghasempour A et al (2006) Improved Taxol production by combination of inducing factors in suspension cell culture of Taxus baccata. Cell Biol Int 30:262–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim OT, Bang KH, Shin YS, Lee MJ, Jung SJ, Hyun DY, Kim YC, Seong NS, Cha SW, Hwang B (2007) Enhanced production of asiaticoside from hairy root cultures of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban elicited by methyl jasmonate. Plant Cell Rep 26:1941–1949

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krzyzanowska J, Czubacka A, Pecio L, Przybys M, Doroszewska T, Stochmal A, Oleszek W (2012) The effects of jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate on rosmarinic acid production in Mentha X piperita cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 108:73–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert E, Faizal A, Geelen D (2011) Modulation of triterpene saponin production: in vitro cultures, elicitation, and metabolic engineering. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164:220–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EJ, Park SY, Paek KY (2015) Enhancement strategies of bioactive compound production in adventitious root cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum Nakai subjected to methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation through airlift bioreactors. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 120:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CZ, Guo C, Wang Y, Ouyang F (2003) Factors influencing artemisinin production from shoot cultures of Artemisia annua L. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 19:535–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu XN, Zhang XQ, Sun JS (2007) Effects of cytokinins and elicitors on the production of hypericins and hyperforin metabolites in Hypericum sampsonii and Hypericum perforatum. Plant Growth Regul 53:207–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu MB, Wong HL, Teng WL (2000) Effects of elicitation on the production of saponin in cell culture of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Rep 120:674–677

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur A, Verma SK, Purohit R, Singh SK, Mathur D, Prasad GBKS, Dua VK (2010) Pharmacological investigation of Bacopa monnieri on the basis of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. J Chem Pharm Res 6:191–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra S, Goel MK, Kukreja AK, Mishra BN (2007) Efficiency of liquid culture systems over conventional micropropagation: a progress towards commercialization. Afr J Biotechnol 6:1481–1492

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naik PM, Manohar SH, Praveen N, Murthy HN (2010) Effects of sucrose and pH levels on in vitro shoot regeneration from leaf explants of Bacopa monnieri and accumulation of bacoside A in regenerated shoots. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 100:235–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nisha KK, Seetha K, Rajmohan K, Purushothama MG (2003) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Brahmi Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst., a popular medicinal herb of India. Curr Sci 85:85–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad A, Mathur A, Kalra A, Gupta MM, Lal RK, Mathur AK (2013) Fungal elicitor-mediated enhancement in growth and asiaticoside content of Centella asiatica L. shoot cultures. Plant Growth Regul 69:265–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Praveen N, Naik PM, Manohar SH, Nayeem A, Murthy HN (2009) In vitro regeneration of brahmi shoots using semisolid and liquid cultures and quantitative analysis of bacoside A. Acta Physiol Plant 31:723–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radman R, Saez T, Bucke C, Keshavarz T (2003) Elicitation of plants and microbial cell systems. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 37:91–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ram M, Prasad KV, Singh SK, Hada BS, Kumar S (2013) Influence of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate elicitation on anthocyanin production in callus cultures of Rosa hybrida L. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 113:459–467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh M, Saravanakumar RM, Pandian SK (2005) Benzyl amino purine and adenine sulphate induced multiple shoot and root induction from nodal explants of brahmi, Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 5:44–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao MV, Lee H, Creelman RA, Mullet JE, Davis KR (2000) Jasmonic acid signaling modulates ozone-induced hypersensitive cell death. Plant Cell 12:1633–1646

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi S, Mehrotra BN and Kulshreshtha DK (1994) Proceedings of IV international congress of ethnobiology. Deep Publications, New Delhi, p 93

  • Sahu R, Gangopadhyay M, Dewanjee S (2013) Elicitor-induced rosmarinic acid accumulation and secondary metabolism enzyme activities in Solenostemon scutellarioides. Acta Physiol Plant 35:1473–1481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saiman Z, Mustafa NR, Pomahocova B, Verberne M, Verpoorte R, Choi YH, Schulte AE (2014) Analysis of metabolites in the terpenoid pathway of Catharanthus roseus cell suspensions. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 117:225–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakunphueak A, Panichayupakaranant P (2010) Increased production of naphthoquinones in Impatiens balsamina root cultures by elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Bioresour Technol 101:8777–8783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabani L, Ehsanpour AA, Asghari G, Emami J (2009) Glycyrrhizin production by in vitro cultured Glycyrrhiza glabra elicited by methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Russ J Plant Physiol 56:621–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma N, Satsangi R, Pandey R, Singh R, Kaushik N, Tyagi RK (2012) In vitro conservation of Bacopa monnieri (L.) using mineral oil. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 111:291–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Yadav S, Srivastava A, Shrivastava N (2013) Methyl jasmonate mediates upregulation of bacoside A production in shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri. Biotechnol Lett 35:1121–1125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh HK, Dhawan BN (1997) Neuropsycho-pharmacological effects of the ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian J Pharmcol 29:359–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivanandhan G, Arun M, Mayavan S, Rajesh M, Jeyaraj M, Dev GK, Manickavasagam M, Selvaraj N, Ganapathi A (2012) Optimization of elicitation conditions with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid to improve the productivity of withanolides in the adventitious root culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 168:681–696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sivanandhan G, Rajesh M, Arun M, Jeyaraj M, Dev GK, Arjunan A, Manickavasagam M, Muthuselvam M, Selvaraj N, Ganapathi A (2013) Effect of culture conditions, cytokinins, methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on the biomass accumulation and production of withanolides in multiple shoot culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal using liquid culture. Acta Physiol Plant 35:715–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sudha G, Ravishankar G (2002) Involvement and interaction of various signaling compounds on the plant metabolic events during defense response, resistance to stress factors, formation of secondary metabolites and their molecular aspects. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 71:181–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki H, Reddy MSS, Naoumkina M, Aziz N, May GD, Huhman DV, Sumner LW, Blount JW, Mendes P, Dixon RA (2005) Methyl jasmonate and yeast elicitor induce differential transcriptional and metabolic re-programming in cell suspension cultures of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Planta 220:696–707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theboral J, Sivanandhan G, Subramanyam K, Arun M, Selvaraj N, Manickavasagam M, Ganapathi A (2014) Enhanced production of isoflavones by elicitation in hairy root cultures of Soybean. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 117:477–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasconsuelo A, Boland R (2007) Molecular aspects of the early stages of elicitation of secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Sci 172:861–875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu KW, Gao W, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2002) Jasmonic acid improving ginsenoside accumulation in adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng C.A Meyer. Biochem Eng J 11:211–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao JL, Zhou LG, Wu JY (2010) Effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on cell growth and tanshinone accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza cell cultures. Appl Micro Biotech 87:137–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The first author sincerely thanks UGC for the financial support in the form of Basic Science Research Fellowship (UGC Order No: F.4–1/2006 (BSR)/7–326/2011). The authors gratefully acknowledge the Alagappa University Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF) sponsored by DBT, Government of India (Grant No. BT/BI/25/001/2006).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manikandan Ramesh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Largia, M.J.V., Pothiraj, G., Shilpha, J. et al. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid synergism enhances bacoside A content in shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 122, 9–20 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0745-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0745-z

Keywords

Navigation