Abstract
The crystal growth kinetics of germanium disulfide in undercooled melts has been studied by optical microscopy under isothermal conditions. The linear growth kinetics of GeS2 has been observed in the temperature range 672 ≤ T ≤ 711 K in thin film samples. The activation energy of crystal growth assuming Arrhenius behavior has been determined as E G = 166 ± 8 kJ mol−1 for thin film samples. From the dependence of reduced growth rate on undercooling, the interface driven 2-D surface nucleated model was estimated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Elliott SR. Chalcogenide glasses. In: Zarzycki J, editor. Materials science and technology, vol. 9. Weinheim: VCH; 1991. p. 375.
Olekseyuk ID, Kogut Yu M, Yurchenko OM, Parasyuk OV, Volkov SV, Pekhnyo VI. Glass formation and optical properties of the glasses in the Ag2S–HgS–GeS2 system. Chem Met Alloys. 2009;2:49.
Kityk IV, Guignard M, Nazbal V, Zhang XH, Troles J, Smektala F, Sahraoui B, Boudebs G. Manifestation of electron-phonon interactions in IR-induced second harmonic generation in a sulphide glass-ceramic with β-GeS2 microcrystallites. Physica B. 2007;391:222.
Ollafsson H, Sternberg F. IR-induced second harmonic generation in CdI2–Cu nanocrystals. Opt Mater. 2004;25:341.
Lin C, Tao H, Zheng X, Pan R, Zang H, Zhao X. Second-harmonic generation in IR-transparent β-GeS2 crystallized glasses. Opt Lett. 2009;34:437.
Zachariasen WH. The crystal structure of germanium disulphide. J Chem Phys. 1936;4:618.
Kawamoto Y, Tsuchihashi S. Glass-forming regions and structure of glasses in the system Ge–S. J Am Ceram Soc. 1969;52:626.
Kawamoto Y, Tsuchihashi S. Properties and structure of glasses in the system Ge–S. J Am Ceram Soc. 1971;54:131.
Rowland SC, Narasimhan S, Bienenstock A. Radial distribution studies of glassy Ge x S1−x alloys. J Appl Phys. 1972;43:2741.
Červinka L, Hrubý A. Structure and glassforming regions in amorphous GeS x. Amorphous and liquid semiconductors. London: Taylor and Francis; 1974.
Lucovsky G, de Neufville JP, Galeener FL. Study of the optics modes of Ge0.30S0.70 glass by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Phys Rev B. 1974;9:1591.
Lucovsky G, Galeener FL, Keezer RC, Geils RH, Six HA. Structural interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of glasses in alloy system Ge1−x S x . Phys Rev B. 1974;10:5134.
Arai K, Koshizuka N, Namikawa H. Raman studies on glassy structure in Ge–S and Ge–S–As glasses. Proceedings of International Conference on Structure and Excitations in Amorphous Solids, AIP Conf. Series No. 1962;31:217.
Kawamoto Y, Kawashima Ch. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies on short-range structure of vitreous GeS. Mat Res Bull. 1982;17:1511.
Viaene M, Moh GH. The condensed Germanium-Sulfur system. N Jb Miner Mh 1970: 283.
Dittmar G, Schäfer H. Die Kristallstruktur von H.T.-GeS2. Acta Crystallogr B. 1975;31:2060.
Dittmar G, Schäfer H. Die Kristallstruktur von L.T.-GeS2. Acta Crystallogr B. 1976;32:1188.
Wang N, Horn EE. Synthesis and crystal data of high pressure modification of GeS2. N Jb Miner Mh. 1973;H9:413.
Wang N, Horn EE. β-GeS2, synthesis and crystal data. N Jb Miner Mh. 1975;H1:41.
Voigt B, Ludwig W. Untersuchung der Kristallisation Unterkühlter GeX2-Schmelzen (X = O, S, Se) durch DTA. J Thermal Anal. 1982;25:341.
Málek J, Klikorka J. Crystallization kinetics of glassy GeS2. J Thermal Anal. 1987;32:1883.
Málek J, Tichý L, Klikorka J. Crystallization kinetics of Ge x S1−x . J Thermal Anal. 1988;33:667.
Málek J. The crystallization of Ge40S60 glass. Termochim Acta. 1988;129:293.
Málek J. The glass transition and crystallization of germanium–sulphur glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1989;107:323.
Málek J, Švejka R. Dilatometric measurement of structural relaxation in Ge38S62 glass. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1994;172:635.
Shánělová J, Málek J, Alcalá MD, Criado JM. Kinetics of crystal growth of germanium disulfide in Ge38S62 chalcogenide glass. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2005;351:557.
Voigt B, Wolf M. Beeinflussung des Kristallisationsverhaltens von GeS2-Schmelzen durch Schwefel oder Arsen. Mon Chem. 1983;114:1013.
Voigt B, Wolf M. Optical properties of vitreous GeS2. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1982;51:317.
Murray WT, O’Hare PAG. Thermochemistry of inorganic sulfur compounds II. Standard enthalpy of formation of germanium disulfide. J Chem Thermodyn. 1984;16:335.
O’Hare PAG, Volin KJ, Susman S. Thermochemistry of (germanium + sulfur): III. Massic energies of combustion in fluorine and the derived standard molar enthalpies of formation of crystalline and vitreous germanium (IV) disulfide GeS2 at the temperature T = 298.15 K. Standard molar enthalpy of the transition GeS2(cr) = GeS2(vit) at T = 298.15 K. Critical assessment of thermodynamic quantities for the high-temperature reaction: GeS2(cr) = GeS(g) + 1/2S2(g). J Chem Thermodyn. 1995;27:99.
O’Hare PAG, Curtiss LA. Thermochemistry of (germanium + sulfur): IV. Critical evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of solid and gaseous germanium (II) sulfide GeS and germanium (IV) disulfide GeS2, and digermanium disulfide Ge2S2 (g). Enthalpies of dissociation of bonds in GeS(g), GeS2(g) and Ge2S2(g). J Chem Thermodyn. 1995;27:643.
Málek J, Mitsuhashi T, Ohashi N, Taniguchi Y, Kawaji H, Atake T. Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of germanium disulphide at temperatures from T = (2 to 1240)K. J Chem Thermodyn. 2011;43:405.
Parthasarathy G, Gopal ESR. Effect of high pressure on chalcogenide glasses. Bull Mater Sci. 1985;7:271.
Miyauchi K, Qiu J, Shojiya M, Kawamoto Y, Kitamura N. Structural study of GeS2 glasses permanently densified under high pressures up to 9 GPa. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2001;279:186.
Zallen R, Weinstein BA, Slade ML. Network dimensionality of amorphous GeS2: optical high-pressure experiments on a-GeS2, 2d-GeS2, and 3d-GeS2. J Phys. 1981;42:C4–241.
Weinstein BA, Zallen R, Slade ML, Mikkelsen JC Jr. Pressure-optical studies of GeS2 glasses and crystals: implications for network topology. Phys Rev B. 1982;25:781.
Ibanez A, Philippot E, Benazeth S, Dexpert H. Characterization of germanium surrounding in Ge-S, GeS2–Ag2S and GeS2–Ag2S–AgI glassy systems by Ge K-edge X-ray absorption study. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1991;127:25.
Armand P, Ibanez A, Dexpert H, Philippot E. Local and medium range order in germanium chalcogenide glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1992;139:137.
Armand P, Ibanez, Philippot E. Use of synchrotron techniques for a structural study of germanium chalcogenide glasses. Nucl Instrum Methods B. 1995;97:176.
Takebe H, Maeda H, Morinaga K. Compositional variation in the structure of Ge–S glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2001;291:14.
Feltz A, Pohle M, Steil H, Herms G. Glass formation and properties of chalcogenide systems. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1985;69:271.
Munzar M, Tichý L, Tichá M. Some optical properties of Ge–S amorphous thin films. Curr Appl Phys. 2002;2:181.
Popescu MA. Non-crystalline Chalcogenides. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic; 2000. p. 183.
Viaene W, Moh GH. Das binäre System Germanium-Schwefel und p-T Relationen im Druckbereich bis 5 kb. J Miner Abh. 1973;119:113.
Málek J. The thermal stability of chalcogenide glasses. J Thermal Anal. 1993;40:159.
Málek J, Shánělová J. Amorphous and nano-crystalline materials II. Šesták J, Šimon P editors. Dordrecht: Springer, chap. 14; 2001.
Uhlmann DR. In: Hench LL, Freiman SW, editors. Advances in nucleation and crystallization in glasses. American Ceramic Soc. Columbus; 1972.
Jackson KA, Uhlmann DR, Hunt JD. On the nature of crystal from the melt. J Cryst Growth. 1967;1:1.
Jackson KA. Kinetic processes, crystal growth, diffusion, and phase transition in materials. Wienheim: Wiley-VCH; 2004.
Schmelzer JWP. Nucleation theory and Applications. Wienheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
Woodruff DP. The solid–liquid interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1973.
Málek J, Shánělová J. Viscosity of germanium sulfide melts. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1999;243:116.
Švadlák D, Zmrhalová Z, Pustková P, Málek J, Pérez-Maqueda LA, Criado JM. Crystallization behavior of (GeS2)0.1(Sb2S3)0.9 glass. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2008;354:3354.
Neiman TS, Yinnon H, Uhlmann DR. Crystallization kinetics of lead metasilicate. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1982;48:393.
James PF. Kinetics of crystal nucleation in silicate glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1985;73:517.
Ediger MD, Harrowell P, Yu L. Crystal growth kinetics depend on liquid fragility. J Chem Phys. 2008;128:034709.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the grant project P106/11/1152 realized by Czech Science Foundation, project SGFChT04 and project CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0254 “ReAdMat - Research Team for Advanced Non-Crystalline Materials” realized by European Social Fund and Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of The Czech Republic within The Education for Competitiveness Operational Programme for financial support. The authors are indebted to Dr. M. Vlček for his assistance with SEM microscopy and to Dr. L. Beneš for his help with XRD data analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Podzemná, V., Barták, J. & Málek, J. Crystal growth kinetics in GeS2 amorphous thin films. J Therm Anal Calorim 118, 775–781 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3764-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3764-9