Abstract
As a fly tracking the availability of fruits along climatic gradients, Drosophila suzukii is deemed to be rather flexible in relation to environmental factors, among which temperature is a major player. We sampled potential wild host fruits of D. suzukii along two elevational gradients in mountain areas of north-eastern Italy, in order to measure fly performance in relation to temperature. In addition, we used a strong natural temperature gradient in an open-top cave, covering the lower range of temperatures known for D. suzukii, to deploy laboratory stock colonies to mimic conditions existing along elevational gradients. At least nine wild host species yielded adults of D. suzukii in the mountain area (Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera caerulea, Lonicera nigra, Lonicera xylosteum, Rubus caesius, Rubus saxatilis, Sambucus nigra, and Sambucus racemosa) when the daily average temperature in the three preceding weeks was at least 11.1 °C. Similar results were obtained with the laboratory colonies reared on an artificial medium in the cave, where oviposition and development from egg to adult occurred at above 11.6 °C. Both values are lower than previously recorded lower thresholds for development at both constant and fluctuating temperatures. These findings indicate that D. suzukii performs well at low temperatures, suggesting that population buildup may occur even under these conditions, with likely consequences on crops and wild host reproduction.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful input and comments. Patrizia Dall’Ara, Isabel Martinez, Manuel Sancassani, and Paola Tirello helped with the laboratory work. The Regional Natural Park of Lessinia permitted access to the natural cave Covolo di Camposilvano and the local manager Alfeo Benetti provided practical support. Marc Kenis (CABI, CH) kindly commented on an earlier version of the manuscript and Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson (Fera, UK) kindly helped with the English language revision. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement number 613678 (DROPSA).
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Communicated by A. Biondi.
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Tonina, L., Mori, N., Giomi, F. et al. Development of Drosophila suzukii at low temperatures in mountain areas. J Pest Sci 89, 667–678 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-016-0730-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-016-0730-2