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Review: Regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction

Revue: Subsidence régionale associée à l’exploitation des eaux souterraines

Revisión: Subsidencia regional del terreno que acompaña a la extracción de agua subterránea

综述:地下水开采引起的区域地面沉降

Revisão: Subsidência regional associada à extracção de água subterrânea

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Abstract

The extraction of groundwater can generate land subsidence by causing the compaction of susceptible aquifer systems, typically unconsolidated alluvial or basin-fill aquifer systems comprising aquifers and aquitards. Various ground-based and remotely sensed methods are used to measure and map subsidence. Many areas of subsidence caused by groundwater pumping have been identified and monitored, and corrective measures to slow or halt subsidence have been devised. Two principal means are used to mitigate subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal—reduction of groundwater withdrawal, and artificial recharge. Analysis and simulation of aquifer-system compaction follow from the basic relations between head, stress, compressibility, and groundwater flow and are addressed primarily using two approaches—one based on conventional groundwater flow theory and one based on linear poroelasticity theory. Research and development to improve the assessment and analysis of aquifer-system compaction, the accompanying subsidence and potential ground ruptures are needed in the topic areas of the hydromechanical behavior of aquitards, the role of horizontal deformation, the application of differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry, and the regional-scale simulation of coupled groundwater flow and aquifer-system deformation to support resource management and hazard mitigation measures.

Résumé

L’exploitation des eaux souterraines peut générer une subsidence du sous-sol associée à la compaction de systèmes aquifères prédisposés, tels que des systèmes aquifères alluviaux de sédiments meubles ou des systèmes aquifères de bassins sédimentaires comprenant des niveaux aquitards et aquifères. Différentes méthodes au sol ou de télédétection sont utilisées afin de mesurer et de cartographier la subsidence. De nombreuses zones de subsidence associées à une exploitation des eaux souterraines ont été identifiées et surveillées, et des mesures correctives pour réduire ou stopper la subsidence ont été conçues. Deux principales actions sont utilisées pour atténuer la subsidence liée à l’exploitation des eaux souterraines : réduction des prélèvements et recharge artificielle. Des analyses et simulations de la compaction de systèmes aquifères intégrant les relations de base entre potentiels hydrauliques, tensions, compressibilité et écoulement souterrain sont réalisées selon deux approches – une basée sur la théorie classique des écoulements souterrains et l’autre basée sur la théorie de l’élasticité linéaire de la porosité. Des recherches et développements sont néanmoins nécessaires pour améliorer l’évaluation et l’analyse de la compaction des systèmes aquifères, la mise en place de la subsidence et les ruptures potentiels du sous-sol, et pour apporter des mesures pour la gestion de la ressource et pour l’atténuation des risques de subsidence, dans les domaines suivants : comportement hydromécanique des aquitards, rôle de la déformation horizontale, application de l’interférométrie radar d’ouverture synthétique différentielle et simulation couplée à l’échelle régionale des écoulements souterrains et des déformations au sein des systèmes aquifères.

Resumen

La extracción de agua subterránea puede generar subsidencia del terreno causando la compactación de sistemas acuíferos susceptibles, típicamente sistemas acuíferos aluviales no consolidado o de relleno de cuenca que comprenden acuíferos y acuitardos. Se utilizan varios métodos de sensoramientos sobre el terreno y remotos para medir y mapear la subsidencia, Muchas áreas de subsidencia causadas por el bombeo del agua subterránea han sido identificadas y monitoreadas, y se han desarrollado medidas correctivas para retrasar o detener la subsidencia. Se usan dos medios principales para mitigar la subsidencia causada por la extracción de agua subterránea – la reducción de la extracción del agua subterránea y la recarga artificial. El análisis y la simulación de la compactación del sistema acuífero se sigue a partir de las relaciones básicas entre carga, tensión, compresibilidad y flujo subterráneo y son evaluados usando primariamente según dos aproximaciones – una basada en la teoría convencional de flujo de agua subterránea y otro basado en la teoría lineal de la poroelasticidad. La investigación y el desarrollo para mejorar la evaluación y el análisis de la compactación de sistemas acuíferos, la subsidencia que acompaña y la ruptura potencial del terreno necesarias en las áreas temáticas del comportamiento hidromecánico del acuitardo, el rol de la deformación horizontal, la aplicación de interferometría diferencial del radar de apertura sintética, y la simulación a escala regional del acoplamiento del flujo de agua subterránea y la deformación del sistema acuífero para sostener el manejo de los recursos y las medidas de mitigación de riesgos.

摘要

地下水开采引起敏感性含水层系统压实,进而产生地面沉降。典型的敏感性含水层系统有松散冲积和盆地充填含水层系统,由含水层和弱透水层组成。有多种基于地面资料和遥感数据的方法可以测量并刻画地面沉降。诸多因地下水开采而引起的地面沉降区,已得到识别和相应监测,并有减缓或者阻止地面沉降的校正措施提出。对于地下水开采引起的地面沉降, 两种用来减缓的主要措施为:减少地下水开采量与人工回灌。含水层系统压实的分析与模拟从属于水头、压力、可压缩性和地下水流的基本关系,且主要采用两种方法实现:一是基于普通的地下水流理论;二是基于线性弹性力学理论。改进含水层系统压实评价与分析以及相应的沉降和潜在地面断裂的研发需要关注以下领域:包括弱透水层的流体力学特征,水平变形的作用,多种差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量的应用,区域尺度上地下水流和含水层系统的变形模拟等,以支持资源管理和减灾措施。

Resumo

A extracção de água subterrânea pode ocasionar a subsidência dos terrenos em resultado da compacção em sistemas aquíferos susceptíveis, tipicamente sistemas aquíferos aluviais ou de enchimento de bacias, compreendendo aquíferos e aquitardos. Para medir e mapear a subsidência são usados vários métodos baseados em leituras no terreno ou em detecção remota. Numerosas áreas com subsidência causada por bombagem de água subterrânea têm sido identificadas e monitorizadas, assim como têm sido desenvolvidas medidas correctivas para atrasar ou parar a subsidência. Utilizam-se dois processos principais para mitigar a subsidência causada por extracção de água subterrânea: a redução da taxa de bombagem e a recarga artificial. A análise e a simulação da compacção de sistemas aquíferos decorrem das relações básicas entre carga hidráulica, estados de tensão, compressibilidade e fluxos de água subterrânea e são tratados através de duas abordagens, uma baseada na teoria convencional do fluxo de água subterrânea e outra baseada na teoria da poroelasticidade linear. Para suportar medidas de gestão do recurso e medidas de mitigação de risco serão necessários a investigação e o desenvolvimento, a análise da compacção de sistemas aquíferos e das resultantes subsidência e potencial rotura de terrenos, em tópicos como o comportamento hidromecânico de aquitardos, o papel da deformação horizontal, a aplicação de interferometria de radar de abertura sintética diferencial e a simulação à escala regional do acoplamento do fluxo subterrâneo com a deformação de sistemas aquíferos.

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Acknowledgements

This work was encouraged by Shemin Ge (Editor, Hydrogeology Journal) and supported by the USGS Cooperative Water and Groundwater Resources Programs, and the National (US) Science Foundation. The UNESCO Working Group on Land Subsidence and the American Society of Civil Engineers’ Managed Aquifer Recharge Committee, Subcommitte on Land Subsidence provided early reviews of portions of the manuscript. Peer reviews by Stanley A. Leake, Zhong Lu, Chris E. Neuzil (all USGS), two anonymous reviewers and David F. Boutt (Associate Editor, Hydrogeology Journal) greatly improved the manuscript. This review inevitably omits many significant contributions to subsidence research. Errors of omission and commission are the sole responsibility of the authors.

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  1. US Geological Survey, 3020 State Univ. Dr. E, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA

    Devin L. Galloway

  2. Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Thomas J. Burbey

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Galloway, D.L., Burbey, T.J. Review: Regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction. Hydrogeol J 19, 1459–1486 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5

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