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Subterranean fragmentation of magma during conduit initiation and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of the small-volume Jagged Rocks volcanoes (Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA)

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Abstract

Monogenetic volcanoes have limited magma supply and lack long-lived sustained magma plumbing systems. They erupt once, often from multiple vents and sometimes over several years, and are rarely or never re-activated. Eruptive behavior is very sensitive to physical processes (e.g., volatile exsolution, magma-water interaction) occurring in the later stages of magma ascent at shallow crustal depths (<1 km), which yield a spectrum of eruptive styles including weak to moderate explosive activity, violent phreatomagmatism, and lava effusion. Jagged Rocks Complex in the late Miocene Hopi Buttes Volcanic field (Arizona, USA) exposes the frozen remnants of the feeding systems for one or a few monogenetic volcanoes. It provides information on how a shallow magmatic plumbing system evolved within a stable non-marine sedimentary basin, and the processes by which magma flowing through dikes fragmented and conduits were formed. We have identified three main types of fragmental deposits, (1) buds (which emerge from dikes), (2) pyroclastic massifs, and (3) diatremes; these represent three different styles and intensities of shallow-depth magma fragmentation. They may develop successively and at different sites during the evolution of a monogenetic volcano. The deposits consist of a mixture of pyroclasts with varying degrees of welding and country-rock debris in various proportions. Pyroclasts are commonly welded together, but also reveal in places features consistent with phreatomagmatism, such as blocky shapes, dense groundmasses, and composite clasts (loaded and cored). The extent of fragmentation and the formation of subterranean open space controlled the nature of the particles and the architecture and geometry of these conduit structures and their deposits.

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the University of Otago Scholarship (G.Re), MBIE through subcontract to GNS Science, NZ (J.D.L. White) and the New Zealand Fulbright-Ministry of Science and Innovation Award (J.D. Muirhead). We thank Pierre-Simon Ross, who reviewed an earlier version of this manuscript, for his comments and stimulating discussion. We further thank Alexa Van Eaton, Fabrizio Alfano, and Ramon Arrowsmith from Arizona State University for the collaboration on the balloon-survey, and for their help on the field. We gratefully acknowledge the editor Stephen Self, Brittain Hill and an anonymous reviewer, whose insightful comments helped us significantly improve the manuscript.

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  1. Geology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Giuseppe Re & James D. L. White

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

    James D. Muirhead

  3. SESES, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    Michael H. Ort

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  1. Giuseppe Re
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Re, G., White, J.D.L., Muirhead, J.D. et al. Subterranean fragmentation of magma during conduit initiation and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of the small-volume Jagged Rocks volcanoes (Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, Arizona, USA). Bull Volcanol 78, 55 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1050-3

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