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Monitoring crater-wall collapse at active volcanoes: a study of the 12 January 2013 event at Stromboli

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Abstract

Crater-wall collapses are fairly frequent at active volcanoes and they are normally studied through the analysis of their deposits. In this paper, we present an analysis of the 12 January 2013 crater-wall collapse occurring at Stromboli volcano, investigated by means of a monitoring network comprising visible and infrared webcams and a Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. The network revealed the triggering mechanisms of the collapse, which are comparable to the events that heralded the previous effusive eruptions in 1985, 2002, 2007 and 2014. The collapse occurred during a period of inflation of the summit cone and was preceded by increasing explosive activity and the enlargement of the crater. Weakness of the crater wall, increasing magmastatic pressure within the upper conduit induced by ascending magma and mechanical erosion caused by vent opening at the base of the crater wall and by lava fingering, are considered responsible for triggering the collapse on 12 January 2013 at Stromboli. We suggest that the combination of these factors might be a general mechanism to generate crater-wall collapse at active volcanoes.

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Acknowledgments

The National Civil Protection Department (DPC) is acknowledged for supporting the project and enabling this publication. The authors are grateful to D. Mangione (DPC) for permission to use and publish his photos, to the GBInSAR monitoring group of the Department of Earth Sciences - University of Firenze (UNIFI); to E. Biale, E. Pecora and M. Prestifilippo for the installation and maintenance of the INGV-OE webcam network; to four anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript, and to the Associate Editor M. Patrick and Executive Editor J. White for the insightful editorial comments. Stephen Conway improved the English style. The GBInSAR apparatus used in this application was designed and produced by the Ellegi s.r.l. and based on the proprietary technology GBInSAR LiSALAB derived from the evolution and improvement of LiSA technology licensed by the Ispra Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 50 cm was provided by the Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC) to University of Florence in the framework of the research agreements SAR.net, SAR.net2, InGrID and InGrID2015 projects. The cumulative displacement map and time series were produced by the LiSA (Linear SAR) system developed by Ellegi LLC using proprietary GBInSAR technology by LiSALab LLC, a European Commission Joint Research Centre spin-off, and installed at Stromboli by UNIFI (owner of the system), in the framework of research agreements (SAR.net, SAR.net2, InGrID and InGrID2015 projects) with the Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – DPC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo - Sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125, Catania, Italy

    Sonia Calvari, Alessandro Bonaccorso & Antonio Cristaldi

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy

    Emanuele Intrieri, Federico Di Traglia & Nicola Casagli

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  1. Sonia Calvari
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  2. Emanuele Intrieri
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  3. Federico Di Traglia
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  4. Alessandro Bonaccorso
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  5. Nicola Casagli
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  6. Antonio Cristaldi
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Correspondence to Sonia Calvari.

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Editorial responsibility: M.R. Patrick

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Calvari, S., Intrieri, E., Di Traglia, F. et al. Monitoring crater-wall collapse at active volcanoes: a study of the 12 January 2013 event at Stromboli. Bull Volcanol 78, 39 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1033-4

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