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The hydrothermal alteration of cooling lava domes

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Abstract

Hydrothermal alteration is a recognized cause of volcanic instability and edifice collapse, including that of lava domes or dome complexes. Alteration by percolating fluids transforms primary minerals in dome lavas to weaker secondary products such as clay minerals; moreover, secondary mineral precipitation can affect the porosity and permeability of dome lithologies. The location and intensity of alteration in a dome depend heavily on fluid pathways and availability in conjunction with heat supply. Here we investigate postemplacement lava dome weakening by hydrothermal alteration using a finite element numerical model of water migration in simplified dome geometries. This is combined with the rock alteration index (RAI) to predict zones of alteration and secondary mineral precipitation. Our results show that alteration potential is highest at the interface between the hot core of a lava dome and its clastic talus carapace. The longest lived alteration potential fields occur in domes with persistent heat sources and permeabilities that allow sufficient infiltration of water for alteration processes, but not so much that domes cool quickly. This leads us to conclude that alteration-induced collapses are most likely to be shallow seated and originate in the talus or talus/core interface in domes which have a sustained supply of magmatic heat. Mineral precipitation at these zones of permeability contrast could create barriers to fluid flow, potentially causing gas pressurization which might promote deeper seated and larger volume collapses. This study contributes to our knowledge of how hydrothermal alteration can affect lava domes and provides constraints on potential sites for alteration-related collapses, which can be used to target hazard monitoring.

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Acknowledgments

This manuscript benefited greatly from the comments by J. White and two anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship 1010210, National Science Foundation Award 1228217, and a scholarship from the University at Buffalo Center For Geohazards Studies. Numerical modeling was performed with the Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Subsurface Flow and Transport Team and the University at Buffalo’s Center for Computational Research.

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  1. Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, 411 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1350, USA

    Jessica L. Ball & Greg A. Valentine

  2. United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Mail Stop 910, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

    Jessica L. Ball

  3. Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    Philip H. Stauffer

  4. School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK

    Eliza S. Calder

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Ball, J.L., Stauffer, P.H., Calder, E.S. et al. The hydrothermal alteration of cooling lava domes. Bull Volcanol 77, 102 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0986-z

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