Abstract
Key message
Two novel Wx - B1 null alleles that enlarge the genetic variability for this wheat gene were characterized, whose effects on wheat quality could be different to those of the Wx - B1b allele.
Abstract
The starch composition of wheat grain has a primary influence on flour quality. Wheat starch consists of two types of glucose polymers: amylose (22–35 % of the total) and amylopectin (68–75 % of the total). Amylose is synthesized by waxy proteins. Several studies have contributed to the catalogue of waxy alleles available for breeders, and the search for novel alleles of these and other proteins related to flour quality continues. In this report, we describe the characterization of two novel Wx-B1 alleles (Wx-B1k and Wx-B1m) in a collection of macha, Indian dwarf and club wheat. Several accessions lacking Wx-B1 protein were detected, and some were caused by the common Wx-B1b null allele. Of the other accessions, four from Indian dwarf wheat showed the insertion of 4 bp within the seventh exon, and one from club wheat had a deletion of four nucleotides in the second exon. These mutations were novel and provisionally catalogued as Wx-B1k and Wx-B1m, respectively, and could be used to enlarge the genetic variability for this gene.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Araki E, Miura H, Sawada S (2000) Differential effects of the null alleles at the three Wx loci on the starch-pasting properties of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 100:1113–1120
Badridze G, Lidner A, Asch F, Börner A (2009) Variation in salt tolerance within a Georgian wheat germplasm collection. Genet Resour Crop Evol 56:1125–1130
Chen SS, Chen GY, Chen H, Li YM, Liu YX, Liu DC, Lan XJ, Zheng YL (2012) Mapping stripe rust resistance gene YrSph derived from Triticum sphaerococcum Perc. with SSR, SRAP, and TRAP markers. Euphytica 185:19–26
Echt CS, Schwartz D (1981) Evidence for the inclusion of controlling elements within the structural gene at the waxy locus in maize. Genetics 99:275–284
Filatenko AA, Hammer K (2014) Wheat landraces from Oman: a botanical analysis. Emir J Food Agric 26:119–136
Giambanelli E, Ferioli F, Koçaoglu B, Jorjadze M, Alexieva I, Darbinyan N, D’Antuono LF (2013) A comparative study of bioactive compounds in primitive wheat populations from Italy, Turkey, Georgia, Bulgaria and Armenia. J Sci Food Agric 93:3490–3501
Graybosch RA (1998) Waxy wheats: origin, properties, and prospects. Trends Food Sci Technol 9:135–142
Guzmán C, Alvarez JB (2012) Molecular characterization of a novel waxy allele (Wx-A u 1a) from Triticum urartu Thum. ex Gandil. Genet Resour Crop Evol 59:971–979
Guzmán C, Caballero L, Moral A, Alvarez JB (2010) Genetic variation for waxy proteins and amylose content in Spanish spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.). Genet Resour Crop Evol 57:721–725
Guzmán C, Ortega R, Yamamori M, Peña RJ, Alvarez JB (2015) Molecular characterization of two novel null waxy alleles in Mexican bread wheat landraces. J Cereal Sci 62:8–14
Hayakawa K, Tanaka K, Nakamura T, Endo S, Hoshino T (2004) End use quality of waxy wheat flour in various grain-based foods. Cereal Chem 81:666–672
Hosono S (1954) The classification and the distribution of wheat. In: Kihara H (ed) Study of wheat. Yokendo, Tokyo, pp 5–132
James MG, Denyer K, Myers AM (2003) Starch synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:215–222
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685
Li W, Liu A-J, Sheng Y-Z, Cheng G-Y, Pu Z-E, Liu Y-X, Kong L (2013) Genetic diversity of null alleles of waxy gene in Triticum L. J Plant Sci 8:15–23
Martin JM, Sherman JD, Lanning SP, Talbert LE, Giroux MJ (2008) Effect of variation in amylose content and puroindoline composition on bread quality in a hard spring wheat population. Cereal Chem 85:266–269
McIntosh RA, Yamazaki Y, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ, Morris C, Appels R, Xia XC (2013) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/macgene/2013/GeneSymbol.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 2015
McLauchlan A, Ogbonnaya FC, Hollingsworth B, Carter M, Gale KR, Henry RJ, Holton TA, Morell MK, Rampling LR, Sharp PJ, Shariflou MR, Jones MGK, Appels R (2001) Development of robust PCR-based DNA markers for each homoeo-allele of granule-bound starch synthase and their application in wheat breeding programs. Aust J Agric Res 52:1409–1416
Miura H, Sugawara A (1996) Dosage effects of the three Wx genes on amylose synthesis in wheat endosperm. Theor Appl Genet 93:1066–1070
Miura H, Tanii S (1994) Endosperm starch properties in several wheat cultivars preferred for Japanese noodles. Euphytica 72:171–175
Morell MK, Rahman S, Regina A, Appels R, Li Z (2001) Wheat starch biosynthesis. Euphytica 119:55–58
Nakamura T, Yamamori M, Hirano H, Hidaka S (1993) Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biochem Genet 31:75–86
Nakamura T, Yamamori M, Hirano H, Hidaka S, Nagamine T (1995) Production of waxy (amylose-free) wheats. Mol Gen Genet 248:253–259
Nakamura T, Vrinten P, Saito M, Konda M (2002) Rapid classification of partial waxy wheats using PCR-based markers. Genome 45:1150–1156
Nakamura T, Shimbata T, Vrinten P, Saito M, Yonemaru J, Seto Y, Yasuda H, Takahama M (2006) Sweet wheat. Genes Genet Syst 81:361–365
Ortega R, Guzmán C, Alvarez JB (2015) Molecular characterization of several Wx alleles in durum wheat. Biol Plant 59:220–226
Park CS, Baik BK (2007) Characteristics of French bread baked from wheat flours of reduced starch amylose content. Cereal Chem 84:437–442
Rahman S, Li Z, Batey I, Cochrane MP, Appels R, Morell M (2000) Genetic alteration of starch functionality in wheat. J Cereal Sci 31:91–110
Regina A, Bird A, Topping D, Bowden S, Freeman J, Barsby T, Kosar-Hashemi B, Li Z, Sadequr R, Morell M (2006) High-amylose wheat generated by RNA interference improves indices of large-bowel health in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3546–3551
Saito M, Nakamura T (2005) Two point mutations identified in emmer wheat generate null Wx-A1 alleles. Theor Appl Genet 110:276–282
Saito M, Konda M, Vrinten P, Nakamura K, Nakamura T (2004) Molecular comparison of waxy null alleles in common wheat and identification of a unique null allele. Theor Appl Genet 108:1205–1211
Saito M, Vrinten P, Ishikawa G, Graybosch R, Nakamura T (2009) A novel codominant marker for selection of the null Wx-B1 allele in wheat breeding programs. Mol Breed 23:209–217
Stacey J, Isaac P (1994) Isolation of DNA from plants. In: Isaac PG (ed) Methods in molecular biology: protocols for nucleic acid analysis by non-radioactive probes. Humana Press, Totawa, pp 9–15
Vanzetti LS, Pfluger L, Bainotti CT, Jensen C, Helguera M (2010) Identification of a null allele at the Wx-A1 locus in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp durum Desf.). Plant Breed 129:718–720
Vrinten P, Nakamura T, Yamamori M (1999) Molecular characterization of waxy mutations in wheat. Mol Gen Genet 261:463–471
Yamamori M (2009) Amylose content and starch properties generated by five variant Wx alleles for granule-bound starch synthase in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica 165:607–614
Yamamori M, Endo T (1996) Variation of starch granule proteins and chromosome mapping of their coding genes in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 93:275–281
Yamamori M, Quynh NT (2000) Differential effects of Wx-A1,-B1 and-D1 protein deficiencies on apparent amylose content and starch pasting properties in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 100:32–38
Yamamori M, Yamamoto K (2011) Effects of two novel Wx-A1 alleles of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on amylose and starch properties. J Cereal Sci 54:229–235
Yamamori M, Nakamura T, Endo TR, Nagamine T (1994) Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 89–89:179–184
Yamamori M, Nakamura T, Nagamine T (1995) Polymorphism of two waxy proteins in the emmer group of tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, and T. durum. Plant Breed 114:215–218
Yamamori M, Kato M, Yui M, Kawasaki M (2006) Resistant starch and starch pasting properties of a starch synthase IIa-deficient wheat with apparent high amylose. Aust J Agric Res 57:531–535
Yasui T, Sasaki T, Matsuki J, Yamamori M (1997) Waxy endosperm mutants of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and their starch properties. Breed Sci 47:161–163
Zeng M, Morris CF, Batey IL, Wrigley CW (1997) Sources of variation for starch gelatinization, pasting, and gelation properties in wheat. Cereal Chem 74:63–71
Zhao XC, Batey IL, Sharp PJ, Crosbie G, Barclay I, Wilson R, Morell MK, Appels R (1998) A single genetic locus associated with starch granule properties and noodle quality in wheat. J Cereal Sci 27:7–13
Zwer PK, Sombrero A, Rickman RW, Klepper B (1995) Club and common wheat yield component and spike development in the Pacific Northwest. Crop Sci 35:1590–1597
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by grants AGL2010-19643-C02-01 and AGL2014-52445-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, co-financed with European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) from the European Union. We thank the National Small Grain Collection (Aberdeen, USA) for supplying the analysed material. M. Ayala thanks for the pre-doctoral scholarship program ITAIPU Binacional-Paraguay (Paraguay Government).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by E. Lagudah.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ayala, M., Alvarez, J.B., Yamamori, M. et al. Molecular characterization of waxy alleles in three subspecies of hexaploid wheat and identification of two novel Wx-B1 alleles. Theor Appl Genet 128, 2427–2435 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2597-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2597-7