Abstract
Understanding public perceptions of sea level rise (SLR) is essential for effective risk communication in coastal areas. Using cross-sectional data from a representative survey of 1042 Louisiana residents, we measured the role of sociodemographic factors (age, gender, education, income, race, and political affiliation), contextual factors (distance to coast, geographic vulnerability, perceived extreme weather, home ownership, and presence of children in the household), media measures (local television, local newspaper, and satisfaction with media coverage), and perceived causes of coastal land loss (natural erosion from waves, hurricane activity, oil and gas industry activity, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers activity) on SLR risk salience. Ordinal logistic analysis showed perceived extreme weather and geographic vulnerability to be strong and positive predictors of SLR risk salience. Implications for risk communication are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agho K, Stevens G, Taylor M et al (2010) Population risk perceptions of global warming in Australia. Environ Res 110:756–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.007
Akerlof KL, Rowan KE, La Porte T et al (2016) Risky business: engaging the public on sea level rise and inundation. 66:314–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.07.002
Arias JP, Bronfman NC, Cisternas PC, Repetto PB (2017) Hazard proximity and risk perception of tsunamis in coastal cities: are people able to identify their risk? PLoS One 12:e0186455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186455
Baldassare M, Katz C (1992) The personal threat of environmental problems as predictor of environmental practices. 24:602–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916592245002
Beland M, Biggs TW, Roberts DA et al (2017) Oiling accelerates loss of salt marshes, southeastern Louisiana. 12:e0181197. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181197
Bivand RS, Rundel C (2013) rgeos: interface to geometry engine-open source (GEOS). http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgeos. Accessed 17 Oct 2018
Bliss L (2016) Louisiana is quickly losing land to rising sea levels. Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/climate-change-louisiana-rising-sea-levels-489136. Accessed 15 Aug 2019
Bloodhart B, Maibach E, Myers T, Zhao X (2015) Local climate experts: the influence of local TV weather information on climate change perceptions. PLoS One 10:e0141526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141526
Bluemke M, Resch B, Lechner C, Westerholt R, Kolb J (2017) Integrating geographic information into survey research: current applications, challenges and future avenues. Survey Res Methods 11(3):307–327. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2017.v11i3.6733
Botzen WJW, Aerts JCJH, van den Bergh JCJM (2009) Dependence of flood risk perceptions on socioeconomic and objective risk factors. Water Resour Res 45(10):n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007743
Boutwell L, Westra J (2015) The economic value of wetlands as storm buffers. Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Atlanta January 31–February 3
Brody SD, Peck BM, Highfield WE (2004) Examining localized patterns of air quality perception in Texas: a spatial and statistical analysis. 24:1561–1574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00550.x
Brody SD, Zahran S, Vedlitz A, Grover H (2008) Examining the relationship between physical vulnerability and public perceptions of global climate change in the United States. 40:72–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506298800
Brun W (1992) Cognitive components in risk perception: natural versus manmade risks. J Behav Decis Mak 5(2):117–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960050204
Bubeck P, Botzen WJW, Laudan J et al (2018) Insights into flood-coping appraisals of protection motivation theory : empirical evidence from Germany and France. 38:1239–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12938
Burningham K, Fielding J, Thrush D (2008) ‘It’ll never happen to me’: understanding public awareness of local flood risk. Disasters 32:216–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01036.x
Carlton SJ, Jacobson SK (2013) Climate change and coastal environmental risk perceptions in Florida. J Environ Manag 130:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.038
Cartographic Boundary Shapefiles (2017) (machine- readable data files) / prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau. http://catalog.data.gov/harvest/2017-county. Accessed 17 Oct 2018
Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana (2017) Louisiana’s Comprehensive master plan for a sustainable coast. Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana. http://coastal.la.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-Coastal-Master-Plan_Web-Book_CFinal-with-Effective-Date-06092017.pdf. Accessed 5 July 2020.
Coleman C-L (1993) The influence of mass media and interpersonal communication on societal and personal risk judgments. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 20:611–628. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365093020004006
Colten CE, Giancarlo A (2011) Losing resilience on the Gulf Coast: hurricanes and social memory. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 53:6–19
Combest-Friedman C, Christie P, Miles E (2012) Household perceptions of coastal hazards and climate change in the Central Philippines. J Environ Manag 112:137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.018
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R et al (1998) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 25:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00020-2
Couvillion BR, Barras JA, Steyer GD, Sleavin W. Fischer M, Beck H, Trahan N, Griffin B, and Heckman D (2011) Land area change in coastal Louisiana from 1932 to 2010. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3164/downloads/SIM3164_Pamphlet.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2020
Covi MP, Kain DJ (2015) Sea-level rise risk communication: public understanding, Risk Perception, and Attitudes about Information. Environ Commun 10:612–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1056541
Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. 8:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2007)8:3(69)
Data Access and Dissemination Systems (2010) American FactFinder - Results. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF. Accessed Jan 9, 2019
Davidson DJ, Freudenburg WR (1996) Gender and environmental risk concerns. Environ Behav 28(3):302–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916596283003
Deryugina T (2013) How do people update? The effects of local weather fluctuations on beliefs about global warming. Clim Chang 118(2):397–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0615-1
Ellis S, Ricci-Siag T, Ganzach Y, Pazy A (2008) On the perception and operationalization of risk perception. Judgm Decis Mak 3(4):317–324
Environmental Defense Fund (2019) Statewide Louisiana Coastal Issues Survey. http://mississippiriverdelta.org/files/2019/08/2019-Coastal-Survey-Topline-Deck.pdf. Accessed Sept 4 2020
Finucane ML, Slovic P, Mertz CK, Flynn J, Satterfield TA (2000) Gender, race, and perceived risk: the 'white male' effect. Health Risk Soc 2(2):159–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/713670162
Flanagan BE, Gregory EW, Hallisey EJ, et al (2011) A social vulnerability index for disaster management. J Homel Secur Emerg Manag 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1792
Fleming K, Thorson E, Zhang Y (2006) Going beyond exposure to local news media: an information-processing examination of public perceptions of food safety. J Health Commun 11:789–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730600959705
Flynn J, Slovic P, Mertz CK (1994) Gender, race, and perception of environmental health risks. 14:1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x
Gavin NT, Leonard-Milsom L, Montgomery J (2011) Climate change, flooding and the media in Britain. Public Underst Sci 20:422–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662509353377
Goebbert K, Jenkins-Smith HC, Klockow K, Nowlin MC, Silva CL (2012) Weather, climate, and worldviews. Weather, Clim Soc 4(2):132–144. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00044.1
Gotham KF, Campanella R, Lauve-Moon K, Powers B (2018) Hazard experience, geophysical vulnerability, and flood risk perceptions in a postdisaster city, the case of New Orleans. 38:345–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12830
Grothmann T, Reusswig F (2006) People at risk of flooding: why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Nat Hazards 38(1):101–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005-8604-6
Haden VR, Niles MT, Lubell M, Perlman J, Jackson LE (2012) Global and local concerns: What attitudes and beliefs motivate farmers to mitigate and adapt to climate change? PloS One 7(12):e52882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052882
Han Z, Wang H, Du Q, Zeng Y (2017) Natural hazards preparedness in Taiwan: a comparison between households with and without disabled members. Health Secur 15:575–581. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0025
Harvatt J, Petts J, Chilvers J (2011) Understanding householder responses to natural hazards: flooding and sea-level rise comparisons. J Risk Res 14(1):63–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2010.503935
Hasan S, Ukkusuri S, Gladwin H, Murray-Tuite P (2011) Behavioral model to understand household-level hurricane evacuation decision making. J Transp Eng 137:341–348. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000223
Hauer ME, Evans JM, Mishra DR (2016) Millions projected to be at risk from sea-level rise in the continental United States. Nature Publishing Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2961
Hijmans RJ, Williams E, Vennes, C (2017) Geosphere. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Geosphere. Accessed 17 Oct 2018
Ho M, Shaw D, Lin S, Chiu Y (2008) How do disaster characteristics influence risk perception? Risk Anal 28:635–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01040.x
Holbert RL, Kwak N, Shah DV (2003) Environmental concern, patterns of television viewing, and pro-environmental behaviors: integrating models of media consumption and effects. J Broadcast Electron Media 47(2):177–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4702_2
Horney JA, MacDonald PD, Van Willigen M et al (2010) Individual actual or perceived property flood risk: did it predict evacuation from hurricane Isabel in North Carolina, 2003? Risk Anal 30:501–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01341.x
Jarreau PB, Altinay Z, Reynolds A (2017) Best practices in environmental communication: A case study of Louisiana's coastal crisis. Environ Commun 11(2):143–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1094103
Kang JE, Lindell MK, Prater CS (2007) Hurricane evacuation expectations and actual behavior in Hurricane Lili. J Appl Soc Psychol 37:887–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00191.x
Kellens W, Zaalberg R, Neutens T, Vanneuville W, De Maeyer P (2011) An analysis of the public perception of flood risk on the belgian coast. Risk Anal 31(7):1055–1068. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01571.x
Kennedy B (2020) U.S. concern about climate change is rising, but mainly among democrats. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/16/u-s-concern-about-climate-change-is-rising-but-mainly-among-democrats/. Accessed 15 July 2020
Kennedy B, Johnson C (2020) More Americans see climate change as a priority, but Democrats are much more concerned than Republicans. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/28/more-americans-see-climate-change-as-a-priority-but-democrats-are-much-more-concerned-than-republicans/. July 15 2020
Konisky DM (2018) The greening of Christianity? A study of environmental attitudes over time. Environ Politics 27(2):267–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1416903
Kunreuther H (2006) Disaster mitigation and insurance: Learning from Katrina. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci 604(1):208–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205285685
Kunz-Plapp T, Werner U (2006) Understanding risk perception from natural hazards: Examples from Germany. In: Vulliet L, Ammann WJ, Dannenmann S (eds). Risk21: Coping with risks due to natural hazards in the 21st century (pp. 101–108). London, UK. Taylor & Francis Group
Lee TM, Markowitz EM, Howe PD, Ko C, Leiserowitz AA (2015) Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nature Publishing Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2728
Leiserowitz AA (2005) American risk perceptions: is climate change dangerous? Risk Anal 25(6):1433–1442
Lieske DJ, Wade T, Roness LA (2014) Climate change awareness and strategies for communicating the risk of coastal flooding: a Canadian Maritime case example. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 140:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.04.017
Lin S, Lin S, Shaw D et al (2008) Why are flood and landslide victims less willing to take mitigation measures than the public? Nat Hazards 44:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9136-z
Lindsey R (2018) Climate change Global Sea level. ClimateWatch Magazine. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level. Accessed Feb 12, 2020
Lo A, Chan F (2017) Preparing for flooding in England and Wales: the role of risk perception and the social context in driving individual action. Nat Hazards 88:367–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2870-y
Ludy J, Kondolf G (2012) Flood risk perception in lands “protected” by 100-year levees. Nat Hazards 61:829–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0072-6
Luís S, Vauclair C-M, Lima ML (2018) Raising awareness of climate change causes? Cross-national evidence for the normalization of societal risk perception of climate change. Environ Sci Pol 80:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.015
Marshall B (2013) New research: Louisiana coast faces highest rate of sea-level rise worldwide. Nola.com. http://www.thelensnola.org/2013/02/21/new-research-louisiana-coast-faces-highest-rate-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-planet. Accessed Dec 17, 2019
Marshall B (2016) With huge bill due to Army Corps of Engineers, Louisiana to ask feds to forgive debt for new levees. Nola.com. https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_f460caf7-7012-53b1-8b15-40f00b7c6e23.html. Accessed September 4 2020
Maybery D, Pope R, Hodgins G, Hitchenor Y, Shepherd A (2009) Resilience and well-being of small inland communities: community assets as key determinants. Rural Soc 19(4):326–339. https://doi.org/10.5172/rsj.351.19.4.326
Mazzotta M, Bousquin J, Berry W, et al (2019) Evaluating the ecosystem services and benefits of wetland restoration by use of the rapid benefit indicators approach. 15:148–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4101
McCombs M (2005) A look at agenda-setting: past, present and future. Journal Stud 6:543–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500250438
Melis G, Elliot M, Shryane N (2014) Environmental concern over time: evidence from the longitudinal analysis of a British cohort study from 1991 to 2008. Soc Sci Q 95(4):905–919
Menapace L, Colson G, Raffaelli R (2012) Cognitive heuristics and farmers’ perceptions of risks related to climate change. Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, USA. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/124770/. Accessed 5 July 2020
Meyer MA, Mitchell B, Purdum JC et al (2018) Previous hurricane evacuation decisions and future evacuation intentions among residents of southeast Louisiana. Int J Dis Risk Reduct 31:1231–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.01.003
Miceli R, Sotgiu I, Settanni M (2008) Disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk: a study in an alpine valley in Italy. J Environ Psychol 28:164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.006
Milfont TL, Evans L, Sibley CG, Ries J, Cunningham A (2014) Proximity to coast is linked to climate change belief. PLoS One 9:e103180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103180
Miller A, Goidel R (2009) News organizations and information gathering during a natural disaster: lessons from Hurricane Katrina. J Conting Crisis Manag 17:266–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2009.00586.x
Mohai P (1992) Men, women, and the environment: an examination of the gender gap in environmental concern and activism. Soc Nat Resour 5(1):1–19
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2016) NOAA Office for Coastal Management Sea Level Rise Data: Current mean higher high-water inundation extent. https://www.coast.noaa.gov/slr. Accessed 3 July 2020
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2019) What is subsidence? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/subsidence.html. Accessed 3 July 2020
O’Connor R, Bord R, Fisher A (1999) Risk perceptions, General Environmental Beliefs, and Willingness to Address Climate Change. Risk Anal 19:461–471. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007004813446
Oliver-Cabrera T, Wdowinski S (2016) InSAR-based mapping of tidal inundation extent and amplitude in Louisiana Coastal Wetlands. Remote Sens 8:393. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050393
Paek H, Hove T (2017) Risk perceptions and risk characteristics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-283. Accessed Dec 19, 2019
Pantusa D, D’Alessandro F, Riefolo L et al (2018) Application of a coastal vulnerability index. A case study along the Apulian coastline, Italy. Water 10:1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091218
Patchen M (2010) What shapes public reactions to climate change? overview of research and policy implications. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01201.x
Peacock WG, Brody SD, Highfield W (2005) Hurricane risk perceptions among Florida's single family homeowners. Landsc Urban Plan 73(2–3):120–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.11.004
Pevalin D, Robson K (2009) The Stata survival manual. Open University Press, GB
Pidgeon NF, Beattie J (1998) The psychology of risk and uncertainty. Blackwell Science, London
Powell M, Dunwoody S, Griffin R, Neuwirth K (2007) Exploring lay uncertainty about an environmental health risk. Public Underst Sci 16(3):323–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662507074491
R Core Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna
Russell LA, Goltz JD, Bourque LB (1995) Preparedness and hazard mitigation actions before and after two earthquakes. Environ Behav 27:744–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916595276002
Sack K, Schwartz J (2018) Our drowning coast: left to Louisiana’s tides, Jean Lafitte fight for time. Nola.com. https://www.nola.com/archive/article_9bdcb04f-50eb-5608-bb82-830efcf75326.html. Accessed 4 September 2020
Safford TG, Ulrich JD, Hamilton LC (2012) Public perceptions of the response to the Deepwater horizon oil spill: personal experiences, information sources, and social context. J Environ Manag 113:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.022
Scannell L, Gifford R (2013) Personally relevant climate change. Environ Behav 45(1):60–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916511421196
Schmid KL, Rivers SE, Latimer AE, Salovey P (2008) Targeting or tailoring? Maximizing resources to create effective health communications. Mark Health Serv 28:32–37
Shao W (2016) Are actual weather and perceived weather the same? Understanding perceptions of local weather and their effects on risk perceptions of global warming. J Risk Res 19(6):722–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003956
Shao W, Goidel K (2016) Seeing is believing? An examination of perceptions of local weather conditions and climate change among residents in the U.S. Gulf Coast 36:2136–2157. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12571
Shao W, Xian S, Lin N et al (2017a) Understanding the effects of past flood events and perceived and estimated flood risks on individuals’ voluntary flood insurance purchase behavior. Water Res 108:391–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.021
Shao W, Xian S, Lin N, Small MJ (2017b) A sequential model to link contextual risk, perception and public support for flood adaptation policy. Water Res 122:216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.072
Slimak MW, Dietz T (2006) Personal values, beliefs, and ecological risk perception. Risk Anal 26(6):1689–1705. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00832.x
Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG (2004) Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: some thoughts about affect. Reason, Risk Ration 24:311–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
Sneath S (2018) Louisianians worry about coastal land loss, but many don't blame climate change: poll. Nola.com. https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_d5aa75c5-c8e3-59c6-b245-a85dd2f517a9.html. Accessed 4 Sept 2020
Sugimoto A, Nomura S, Tsubokura M, Matsumura T, Muto K, Sato M, Gilmour S (2013) The relationship between media consumption and health-related anxieties after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. PLoS One 8:e65331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065331
Sweet WV, Kopp RE, Weaver CP, Obeysekera J, Horton RM, E. Robert Thieler ER, Zervas C (2017) Global and regional sea level rise scenarios for the United States. Department of Commerce (United States). https://search.informit.org/documentSummary;res=APO;dn=72441. Accessed 16 Mar 2020
Syberg K, Hansen SF, Christensen TB, Khan F (2017) Risk perception of plastic pollution: importance of stakeholder involvement and citizen science. Springer, Cham
Teigen KH (2005) The proximity heuristic in judgments of accident probabilities. Br J Psychol 96:423–440. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712605X47431
Tekeli-Yeşil S, Dedeoğlu N, Braun-Fahrlaender C, Tanner M (2011) Earthquake awareness and perception of risk among the residents of Istanbul. Nat Hazards 59:427–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9764-1
Terpstra T (2011) Emotions, trust, and perceived risk: affective and cognitive routes to flood preparedness behavior. Risk Anal 31:1658–1675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01616.x
TIGER/Line Shapefiles (2017) (machine- readable data files) / prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau
Trumbo CW, Peek L, Meyer MA, Marlatt HL, Gruntfest E, McNoldy BD, Schubert WH (2016) A cognitive-affective scale for hurricane risk perception. 36:2233–2246. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12575
Twilley R, Bentley S Sr, Chen Q et al (2016) Co-evolution of wetland landscapes, flooding, and human settlement in the Mississippi River Delta plain. Sustain Sci 11:711–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0374-4
Van der Linden S (2015) The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: towards a comprehensive model. J Environ Psychol 41:112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012
Vandenbergh MP (2001) The social meaning of environmental command and control. Virginia Environ Law J 20(1):191–219
Vyncke B, Perko T, Gorp B (2017) Information sources as explanatory variables for the Belgian health-related risk perception of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Risk Anal 37:570–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12618
Wachinger G, Renn O, Begg C, Kuhlicke C (2013) The risk perception paradox—implications for governance and communication of natural hazards. Risk Anal 33:1049–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x
Wahlberg AA, Sjoberg L (2000) Risk perception and the media. J Risk Res 3(1):31-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/136698700376699
Wang Z, Wang H, Huang J, Kang J, Han D (2018) Analysis of the public flood risk perception in a flood-prone city: the case of Jingdezhen City in China. Water 10:1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111577
Weinstein ND (1999) What does it mean to understand a risk? Eval Risk Comprehen 1999:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024192
West DM, Orr M (2007) Race, gender, and communications in natural disasters. 35:569–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00237.x
Westcott R, Ronan K, Bambrick H, Taylor M (2017) Expanding protection motivation theory: investigating an application to animal owners and emergency responders in bushfire emergencies. BMC Psychol 5:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-017-0182-3
Whitmarsh L, Seyfang G, O’Neill S (2011) Public engagement with carbon and climate change: to what extent is the public ‘carbon capable’? Glob Environ Chang 21:56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.011
Whitmarsh L, Nash N, Upham P et al (2015) UK public perceptions of shale gas hydraulic fracturing: the role of audience, message and contextual factors on risk perceptions and policy support. Appl Energy 160:419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.004
Wibbenmeyer M, Anderson S, Plantinga AJ (2016) Risk salience, public pressure, and agency action: Wildfire and the management of public lands. Semantic Sholar. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48cf/561926c747dfa82f5ae2afbd8312385364b3.pdf. Accessed 5 July 2020
Wilson RS, Zwickle A, Walpole H (2019) Developing a broadly applicable measure of risk perception. Risk Anal 39(4):777–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13207
Wu S-Y, Yarnal B, Fisher A (2002) Vulnerability of coastal communities to sea-level rise. 22:255–270. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr022255
Wyman M, Malone S, Stein T, Johnson C (2012) Race and wildfire risk perceptions among rural forestland owners in North-Central Florida. 25:1293–1307. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.681752
You M, Ju Y (2017) A comprehensive examination of the determinants for food risk perception: focusing on psychometric factors. Perceivers’ Charact Media Use 32:82–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1110003
Acknowledgments
This research was funded in part by a grant from the Coastal Sustainability Studio of Louisiana State University. The Louisiana Survey is sponsored by the Reilly Center for Media and Public Affairs in Louisiana State University’s Manship School of Mass Communication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Altinay, Z., Rittmeyer, E., Morris, L.L. et al. Public risk salience of sea level rise in Louisiana, United States. J Environ Stud Sci 11, 523–536 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-020-00642-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-020-00642-5